ArticleVision research2020
Eccentricity-dependent effects of simultaneous competing defocus on emmetropization in infant rhesus monkeys.
Article in Vision research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Slowing myopia progression with cylindrical annular refractive elements (CARE) spectacle lenses-Year 1 results from a 2-year prospective, multi-centre trial.Acta ophthalmologica · 2025Trial
- Longitudinal changes in retinal image quality in school-aged children.Biomedical optics express · 2026Article
- Myopia management functional lenses (MMFL): a bibliometric analysis of multidisciplinary perspective and trend insights in the context of vision health.International ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Correlation between retinal defocus distribution and axial growth in myopic children wearing orthokeratology lenses.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Impact of Myopia Control Spectacles on Retinal Image Contrast.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Peripheral retinal defocus in children and adolescents with different refractive statuses and its relationship with refractive parameters.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The effect of orthokeratology lens optical zone size on myopia control in adolescents.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Comparative effects of orthokeratology and defocus incorporated multiple segment lenses on axial length elongation in children with bilateral myopic anisometropia.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Spectacle Lenses for Myopia Control: Optical Designs, Mechanisms, and Clinical Efficacy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Efficacy and safety of orthokeratology sequentially combined with escalating atropine concentrations for myopia control in children.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- One-Month Changes in Choroidal Vascularity Index of Medium Vessel Layer in Children with Myopia Wearing Orthokeratology Lenses: a Predictor for One-Year Changes in Axial Length.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2025Article
- Corneal higher-order aberrations as key predictive indicators of axial elongation in myopic children with orthokeratology: a single-center prospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Nonlinear spatial integration allows the retina to detect the sign of defocus in natural scenes.Science advances · 2025Article
- Peripheral Blur Perception in Young Children at Low Risk or High Risk of Myopia: Longitudinal Data.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Chromatic imaging properties of myopia control spectacle lenses.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- Myopia control efficacy of peripheral defocus modifying spectacle lenses in children and adolescents: a Meta-analysis.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Retinal "sweet spot" for myopia treatment.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Retinoscopes: Past and present.World journal of methodology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Dual-focus lenses that impose simultaneous competing myopic defocus over the entire visual field produce axial hyperopic shifts in refractive error. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of eccentricity on the ability of myopic defocus signals to influence central refractive development in infant monkeys. From 24 to 152 days of age, rhesus monkeys were reared with binocular, dual-focus lenses that had central, zero-powered zones surrounded by alternating concentric annular power zones of +3D and zero power. Between subject groups the diameter of the central, zero-powered zone was varied from 2 mm to 8 mm in 2 mm steps (+3D/pl 2 mm, n = 6; +3D/pl 4 mm, n = 6; +3D/pl 6 mm, n = 8, or + 3D/pl 8 mm, n = 6). For the treatment lens with 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm central zones, objects at eccentricities beyond 11°, 16°, 19° and 23°, respectively, were imaged exclusively through the dual-power peripheral zones. Refractive status (retinoscopy), corneal power (keratometry) and axial dimensions (ultrasonography) were measured at two-week intervals. Comparison data were obtained from monkeys reared with binocular, single-vision +3D full-field lenses (+3D FF, n = 6) and 41 normal control monkeys reared with unrestricted vision. At the end of the rearing period, with the exception of the +3D/pl 8 mm group (median = +3.64 D), the ametropias for the other lens-reared groups (medians: FF = +4.39 D, 2 mm = +5.19 D, 4 mm = +5.59 D, 6 mm = +3.50 D) were significantly more hyperopic than that for the normal monkeys (+2.50 D). These hyperopic errors were associated with shallower vitreous chambers. The key finding was that the extent and consistency of these hyperopic ametropias varied with the eccentricity of the dual-focus zones. The results confirm that myopic defocus in the near periphery can slow axial growth, but that imposed defocus beyond about 20° from the fovea does not consistently alter central refractive development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.