SynthesisPloS one2020
Effect of smoking on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in active tuberculosis in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Clinical and social determinants of treatment outcomes in central nervous system tuberculosis in a high-resource setting: a retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Evaluating tuberculosis treatment outcomes and predictors in five Southern African countries: A multi-country cohort analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Long-Term Trends and Determinants of Tuberculosis Burden in China, 1990-2023: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Readiness assessment as a strategy, not an afterthought: leveraging implementation science to integrate tuberculosis comorbidity care in Pakistan's health system.Frontiers in tuberculosis · 2026Article
- Article
- Effect of smoking on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes and potential mechanistic pathways: a multicountry cohort study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Observational
- Article
- TB and diabetes in Eswatini: Addressing suboptimal treatment outcomes through integrated services.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Association between biomass cooking fuels and prevalence of tuberculosis among households: a cross-sectional study from 2019 - 2021 in India.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Betel Quid Use and Tuberculosis Transmission: A Neglected Focus Area for Tuberculosis Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Review
- Effectiveness and safety of modified fully oral 9-month treatment regimens for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2024Observational
- Article
- Effectiveness of smoking cessation intervention based on the ABC Approach in patients with TB.Public health action · 2024Article
- Combating antimicrobial resistance in malaria, HIV and tuberculosis.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2024Review
- Tobacco Use Behaviors and Associated Factors among Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis Patients in Benin and Burkina Faso.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Tuberculosis case notifications and outcomes in Peruvian prisons prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national-level interrupted time series analysis.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Cigarette Smoking as a Risk Factor for Tuberculosis in Adults: Epidemiology and Aspects of Disease Pathogenesis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionNumerous studies have explored an effect of cigarette smoking on tuberculosis treatment outcomes but with dissimilar conclusions.
objectiveTo determine the effect of cigarette smoking on tuberculosis treatment outcomes.
methodsPubMed, Cochrane library and Google scholar databases were searched last on February 27, 2019. We applied the random-effects model for the analysis. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Egger's regression. Furthermore, we performed Orwin's Fail-Safe N and cumulative meta-analysis to check for small studies' effect.
resultsOut of 22 studies we included in the qualitative synthesis, 12 studies reported p-values less than 0.05 where smoking significantly favored poor treatment outcomes. The remaining 10 studies reported p-values larger than 0.05 implying that smoking does not affect the treatment outcomes. Twenty studies met the criteria for inclusion in a meta-analysis. The meta-analysis found that smoking significantly increased the likelihood of poor tuberculosis treatment outcomes by 51% (OR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.30 to 1.75 and I-square = 75.1%). In a sub-group analysis, the effect was higher for low- and middle-income countries (OR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.31 to 2.30) and upper-middle-income economies (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.16 to 1.98) than for high-income ones (OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.75) even though the differences in the effects among the strata were not statistically significant as demonstrated by overlapping of confidence intervals of the effects. Meta-regression analysis, adjusted for income economies, found the effect of smoking has not significantly improved over the years (p = 0.92) and thus implying neither of the covariates were source of the heterogeneity. Egger's regression test indicated that publication bias is unlikely (p = 0.403).
conclusionCigarette smoking is significantly linked with poor tuberculosis treatment outcomes.
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