ArticleJournal of virology2020
Covalent Modifications of the Bacteriophage Genome Confer a Degree of Resistance to Bacterial CRISPR Systems.
Article in Journal of virology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Bacterial immune systems.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Biosynthesis of glycosylated 5-hydroxycytosine in the DNA of diverse viruses.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Decoding phage communication: molecular networks, evolutionary dynamics, and therapeutic applications.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Review
- An efficient CRISPR-Cas12a tool for iterative genome editing, streamlined minimization, and payload engineering ofSynthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Article
- A pentose, as a cytosine nucleobase modification inApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Biology of host-dependent restriction-modification in prokaryotes.EcoSal Plus · 2025Review
- The two-component nuclease-active KELShedu system confers broad antiphage activity via abortive infection.Science advances · 2025Article
- Rapid detection ofActa biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2025Article
- Recent insights on challenges encountered with phage therapy against gastrointestinal-associated infections.Gut pathogens · 2025Review
- A Modular Bacteriophage T4 Nanoparticle Platform Enables Rapid Design of Dual COVID-19-Flu Mucosal Vaccines.Small science · 2025Article
- Characterization and genomic analysis of Sharanji: a jumbo bacteriophage of Escherichia coli.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Tevenvirinae phages encode a family of LSm-like fold proteins.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Bacteriophage T4 as a Protein-Based, Adjuvant- and Needle-Free, Mucosal Pandemic Vaccine Design Platform.Annual review of virology · 2024Review
- Temporal epigenome modulation enables efficient bacteriophage engineering and functional analysis of phage DNA modifications.PLoS genetics · 2024Article
- Development of the CRISPR-Cas12a system for editing ofiScience · 2024Article
- Increasing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing efficiency in T7 phage by reducing the escape rate based on insight into the survival mechanism.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2024Article
- Innate programmable DNA binding by CRISPR-Cas12m effectors enable efficient base editing.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Genetic manipulation of bacteriophage T4 utilizing the CRISPR-Cas13b system.Frontiers in genome editing · 2024Article
- HyCas9-12aGEP: an efficient genome editing platform forFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The interplay between defense and counterdefense systems of bacteria and bacteriophages has been driving the evolution of both organisms, leading to their great genetic diversity. Restriction-modification systems are well-studied defense mechanisms of bacteria, while phages have evolved covalent modifications as a counterdefense mechanism to protect their genomes against restriction. Here, we present evidence that these genome modifications might also have been selected to counter, broadly, the CRISPR-Cas systems, an adaptive bacterial defense mechanism. We found that the phage T4 genome modified by cytosine hydroxymethylation and glucosylation (ghmC) exhibits various degrees of resistance to the type V CRISPR-Cas12a system, producing orders of magnitude more progeny than the T4(C) mutant, which contains unmodified cytosines. Furthermore, the progeny accumulated CRISPR escape mutations, allowing rapid evolution of mutant phages under CRISPR pressure. A synergistic effect on phage restriction was observed when two CRISPR-Cas12a complexes were targeted to independent sites on the phage genome, another potential countermechanism by bacteria to more effectively defend themselves against modified phages. These studies suggest that the defense-counterdefense mechanisms exhibited by bacteria and phages, while affording protection against one another, also provide evolutionary benefits for both.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.