ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2021
Do socioeconomic and birth order gradients in child maltreatment differ by immigrant status?
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transitions into and out of child maltreatment: differential effects on depressive symptoms and gender differences.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Child Health Research Using linked Multi-domain Canadian Administrative Data: A Scoping Review.International journal of population data science · 2026Article
- Variations in Conduct, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Among Children and Youth from Immigrant, Refugee, and Non-Immigrant Backgrounds in British Columbia, Canada: A Population-Based Study.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhile literature has documented strong gradients in child maltreatment (CM) by socioeconomic status and family composition in the general population, how these patterns extend to immigrants remain inconclusive. Using population-based administrative data, we examined, for the first time, whether gradients in CM by neighbourhood income and childbirth order vary by immigrant status.
methodsWe used linked hospitalisation, emergency department visits, small-area income, birth and death records with an official Canadian immigration database to create a retrospective cohort of all 1 240 874 children born from 2002 to 2012 in Ontario, Canada, followed from 0 to 5 years. We estimated rate ratios of CM among immigrants and non-immigrants using modified Poisson regression.
resultsCM rates were 1.6 per 100 children among non-immigrants and 1.0 among immigrants. CM was positively associated with neighbourhood deprivation. The adjusted rate ratio (ARR) of CM in the lowest neighbourhood income quintile versus the highest quintile was 1.57 (95% CI 1.49 to 1.66) for non-immigrants and 1.33 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.54) for immigrants. The socioeconomic gradient disappeared when restricted to children of immigrant mothers arrived at 25+ years and in analyses excluding emergency department visits. Compared to a first child, the ARR of CM for a fourth or higher-order child was 1.75 (95% CI 1.63 to 1.89) among non-immigrants and 0.57 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.74) among immigrants.
conclusionsImmigrants exhibited lower CM rates than non-immigrants across neighbourhood income quintiles and differences were greatest in more deprived neighbourhoods. The contrasting birth order gradients between immigrants and non-immigrants require further investigation.
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