ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2020
Reliability of the Mouse Grimace Scale in C57BL/6JRj Mice.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Grimace scale, burrowing, and nest building for the assessment of post-surgical pain in mice and rats-A systematic review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Pooled it
- Artificial intelligence-based automated scoring of the mouse grimace scale: a systematic review.Pain reports · 2026Review
- Tail-rattling in rodents: more than a threat display.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2026Review
- GrimACE: automated, multimodal cage-side assessment of pain and well-being in mice.Lab animal · 2026Article
- Evaluating the analgesic effect of metamizole in the mouse model for DSS-induced acute colitis.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Comparing training methods to promote better animal welfare outcomes for animals in the research and teaching industry.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2026Article
- CGRP-Loaded ROS-Responsive Hydrogel Restores Neuro-Angiogenic Signaling to Promote Bone Regeneration in Diabetes-Associated Periodontitis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- WERF Endometriosis Phenome and Biobanking Harmonisation Project for Experimental Models in Endometriosis Research (EPHect-EM-Pain): methods to assess pain behaviour in rodent models of endometriosis.Molecular human reproduction · 2025Review
- Article
- How facial expressions reveal acute pain in domestic animals with facial pain scales as a diagnostic tool.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Testing perioperative meloxicam analgesia to enhance welfare while preserving model validity in an inflammation-induced seizure model.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Refining pain management in mice by comparing multimodal analgesia and NSAID monotherapy for neurosurgical procedures.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Development of PainFace software to simplify, standardize, and scale up mouse grimace analyses.Pain · 2024Article
- Editorial: Use of Artificial Intelligence to evaluate drug-related behavioral changes in rodents.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- A Novel Scoring System for Humane Endpoints in Mice with Cecal Ligation and Puncture-Induced Sepsis.Comparative medicine · 2023Article
- Review of Rat (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Article
- A model-specific simplification of the Mouse Grimace Scale based on the pain response of intraperitoneal CClScientific reports · 2022Article
- Medicine, Value, and Knowledge in the Veterinary Clinic: Questions for and From Medical Anthropology and the Medical Humanities.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Review
- The neurobiology of pain and facial movements in rodents: Clinical applications and current research.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
To maintain and foster the welfare of laboratory mice, tools that reliably measure the current state of the animals are applied in clinical assessment. One of these is the Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS), a coding system for facial expression analysis. Since there are concerns about the objectivity of the MGS, we further investigated its reliability. Four observers (two experienced and two inexperienced in use of the MGS) scored 188 images of 33 female and 31 male C57BL/6JRj mice. Images were generated prior to, 150 min, and two days after ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. The intraclass correlations coefficient (ICC = 0.851) indicated good agreement on total MGS scores between all observers when all three time points were included in the analysis. However, interrater reliability was higher in the early post-anesthetic period (ICC = 0.799) than at baseline (ICC = 0.556) and on day 2 after anesthesia (ICC = 0.329). The best agreement was achieved for orbital tightening, and the poorest agreement for nose and cheek bulge, depending on the observers' experience levels. In general, experienced observers produced scores of higher consistency when compared to inexperienced. Against this background, we critically discuss factors that potentially influence the reliability of MGS scoring.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.