ArticlePediatric research2021
Duration of breastmilk feeding of NICU graduates who live with individuals who smoke.
Article in Pediatric research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mother's Own Milk Provision During the First 12 Weeks of Life by Gestational Age.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Association between maternal smoking and duration of breastfeeding in very low birth weight preterm infants after discharge from a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2024Article
- Thirdhand smoke associations with the gut microbiomes of infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit: An observational study.Environmental research · 2021Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBreast milk has many benefits for infants, but initiating breastfeeding/pumping can be difficult for mothers of preterm infants, especially those who smoke (or live with individuals who smoke). The primary aim of this study was to identify risks for breastfeeding/pumping cessation with neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) infants' mothers who smoke or live with individuals who smoke, using a novel survival-analytic approach. METHODS/
designMothers (N = 360) were recruited for a secondhand smoke prevention intervention during infants' NICU hospitalizations and followed for ~6 months after infant discharge. Data were obtained from medical records and participant self-report/interviews.
resultsThe sample was predominantly ethnic/racial minorities; mean age was 26.8 (SD = 5.9) years. One-fifth never initiated breastfeeding/pumping (n = 67; 18.9%) and mean time-to-breastfeeding cessation was 48.1 days (SD = 57.2; median = 30.4 [interquartile range: 6.0-60.9]). Education, length of stay, employment, race/ethnicity, number of household members who smoke, and readiness-to-protect infants from tobacco smoke were significantly associated with breastfeeding cessation. Further, infants fed breast milk for ≥4 months had 42.7% more well-child visits (p < 0.001) and 50.0% fewer respiratory-related clinic visits (p < 0.05).
conclusionsOne-quarter of infants admitted to NICUs will be discharged to households where individuals who smoke live; we demonstrated that smoking-related factors were associated with mothers' breastfeeding practices. Infants who received breast milk longer had fewer respiratory-related visits. IMPACT: One-quarter of NICU infants will be discharged to households where smokers live. Initiating/sustaining breastfeeding can be difficult for mothers of preterm NICU infants, especially mothers who smoke or live with others who smoke. Education, employment, race/ethnicity, length of stay, household member smoking, and readiness-to-protect infants from tobacco smoke were significantly associated with time-to-breastfeeding cessation. Infants fed breast milk for ≥4 months had 42.7% more well-child visits and 50.0% fewer respiratory-related clinic visits, compared to infants fed breast milk <4 months. Data support intervention refinements for mothers from smoking households and making NICU-based healthcare workers aware of risk factors for early breastfeeding cessation.
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