ArticlePloS one2020
Diabolical dilemmas of COVID-19: An empirical study into Dutch society's trade-offs between health impacts and other effects of the lockdown.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Evolving Landscape of Discrete Choice Experiments in Health Economics: A Systematic Review.PharmacoEconomics · 2025Pooled it
- Understanding moral trade-offs in pandemic response: A discrete choice experiment on avian influenza policies.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Article
- Article
- Preferences for Nonpharmaceutical Interventions During the Endemic Phase of COVID-19: Discrete Choice Experiment.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- Article
- Preferences for the Societal Impacts of a Pandemic when it Transitions into an Endemic: A Discrete Choice Experiment.The patient · 2025Article
- A Metric of Societal Burden Based on Virus Succession to Determine Economic Losses and Health Benefits of China's Lockdown Policies: Model Development and Validation.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- From polarity to plurality: Perceptions of COVID-19 and policy measures in England and Scotland.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2024Article
- For Me or for My Relatives? Approximating Self-Protection and Local Altruistic Motivations Underlying Preferences for Public Health Policies Using Risk Perception Metrics.Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research · 2023Article
- In-store or online grocery shopping before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Travel behaviour & society · 2023Article
- Population preferences for non-pharmaceutical interventions to control the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: trade-offs among public health, individual rights, and economics.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2022Article
- Applications of discrete choice experiments in COVID-19 research: Disparity in survey qualities between health and transport fields.Journal of choice modelling · 2022Article
- Using Best-Worst Scaling to investigate younger adult Canadians' preferences for COVID-19 vaccination and public health measures: An observational study.Preventive medicine reports · 2022Article
- Public acceptability of non-pharmaceutical interventions to control a pandemic in the UK: a discrete choice experiment.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Investigating the effectiveness of COVID-19 pandemic countermeasures on the use of public transport: A case study of The Netherlands.Transport policy · 2022Article
- Facing the Pandemic in Italy: Personality Profiles and Their Associations With Adaptive and Maladaptive Outcomes.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Trade-offs during the COVID-19 pandemic: A discrete choice experiment about policy preferences in Portugal.PloS one · 2022Article
- Deciphering the COVID-19 Health Economic Dilemma (HED): A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- United States COVID-19 Vaccination Preferences (CVP): 2020 Hindsight.The patient · 2021Article
- Social Study Resources and Social Wellbeing Before and During the Intelligent COVID-19 Lockdown in The Netherlands.Social indicators research · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We report and interpret preferences of a sample of the Dutch adult population for different strategies to end the so-called 'intelligent lockdown' which their government had put in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a discrete choice experiment, we invited participants to make a series of choices between policy scenarios aimed at relaxing the lockdown, which were specified not in terms of their nature (e.g. whether or not to allow schools to re-open) but in terms of their effects along seven dimensions. These included health-related effects, but also impacts on the economy, education, and personal income. From the observed choices, we were able to infer the implicit trade-offs made by the Dutch between these policy effects. For example, we find that the average citizen, in order to avoid one fatality directly or indirectly related to COVID-19, is willing to accept a lasting lag in the educational performance of 18 children, or a lasting (>3 years) and substantial (>15%) reduction in net income of 77 households. We explore heterogeneity across individuals in terms of these trade-offs by means of latent class analysis. Our results suggest that most citizens are willing to trade-off health-related and other effects of the lockdown, implying a consequentialist ethical perspective. Somewhat surprisingly, we find that the elderly, known to be at relatively high risk of being affected by the virus, are relatively reluctant to sacrifice economic pain and educational disadvantages for the younger generation, to avoid fatalities. We also identify a so-called taboo trade-off aversion amongst a substantial share of our sample, being an aversion to accept morally problematic policies that simultaneously imply higher fatality numbers and lower taxes. We explain various ways in which our results can be of value to policy makers in the context of the COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.