SynthesisJournal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism2021
4D flow MRI for non-invasive measurement of blood flow in the brain: A systematic review.
Synthesis in Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cerebrovascular Reactivity Measurement Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Pooled it
- Article
- Estimation of Blood Velocity from TOF-MRA Arterial Centerlines: Theory, Simulation, and Inverse Solution.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Imaging Venous Transit Time and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability of the Deep Brain.Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2026Article
- The invisible "cuneus vein"…does it even exist?Acta neurochirurgica · 2026Article
- Fully self-gated dual-venc five-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging for simultaneous imaging of the cardiovascular and portal venous systems: A feasibility study.Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · 2026Article
- Reducing Noise Induced by Cardiac Pulsatility in Brain Maps of RNMR in biomedicine · 2026Article
- Uncertainty-aware automated labeling of intracranial arteries using deep learning.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- Real-time phase-contrast MRI can be used to quantify cerebrovascular reserve capacity - a comparative study to neurovascular ultrasound in healthy subjects.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Article
- ISME-incoherent sampling of multi-echo data to minimize cardiac-induced noise in brain maps ofMagnetic resonance in medicine · 2026Article
- Arterial flow volume measurement using signal intensity gradient versus phase contrast.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Artifact-robust Deep Learning-based Segmentation of 3D Phase-contrast MR Angiography: A Novel Data Augmentation Approach.Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · 2025Article
- Quantifying physiological variability and improving reproducibility in 4D-flow MRI cerebrovascular measurements with self-supervised deep learning.Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2025Article
- Repeatability and reproducibility of hemodynamic measurements by intracranial 4D Flow MRI: a multi‑vendor and multi‑software cross‑over comparison study.BMC medical imaging · 2025Article
- Arterial-optimized 4D-flow MRI for quantifying flow and pulsatility in venous sinuses and large cerebral veins.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Transcranial ultrasound in the critically ill patient: a narrative review.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2025Review
- Geometry and Wall Shear Stress of the Contralesional Middle Cerebral Artery Are Associated With the Burden of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in Acute Ischemic Stroke.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Article
- MR perfusion source mapping depicts venous territories and reveals perfusion modulation during neural activation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Anatomical location-related hemodynamic variations are associated with atherosclerosis in the middle cerebral artery: a preliminary cross-sectional 4D flow and 3D vessel wall MRI study.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The brain's vasculature is essential for brain health and its dysfunction contributes to the onset and development of many dementias and neurological disorders. While numerous in vivo imaging techniques exist to investigate cerebral haemodynamics in humans, phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a reliable, non-invasive method of quantifying blood flow within intracranial vessels. In recent years, an advanced form of this method, known as 4D flow, has been developed and utilised in patient studies, where its ability to capture complex blood flow dynamics within any major vessel across the acquired volume has proved effective in collecting large amounts of information in a single scan. While extremely promising as a method of examining the vascular system's role in brain-related diseases, the collection of 4D data can be time-consuming, meaning data quality has to be traded off against the acquisition time. Here, we review the available literature to examine 4D flow's capabilities in assessing physiological and pathological features of the cerebrovascular system. Emerging techniques such as dynamic velocity-encoding and advanced undersampling methods, combined with increasingly high-field MRI scanners, are likely to bring 4D flow to the forefront of cerebrovascular imaging studies in the years to come.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.