ArticleSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2020
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise.
Article in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of resistance training combined with carbohydrate and protein supplementation on the HOMA-IR, glycemic, lipid profile and hypertrophy of older adults with Type II Diabetes: secondary data analysis of a triple-blind RCT.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2026Trial
- Acute effects of intra-training carbohydrate ingestion in CrossFit® trained adults: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Trial
- Effects of two different doses of carbohydrate ingestion on taekwondo-related performance during a simulated tournament.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2021Trial
- A comprehensive review of the physiology and evidence base to guide the use of ergogenic and medical supplements for enhanced cycling performance.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026Review
- From Metabolism to Medals: Contemporary Perspectives and Revisiting Carbohydrate Guidelines for Fueling Endurance Athletes during Exercise.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Review
- Comparative effects of a glucose-fructose bar, glucose-fructose hydrogel and maltodextrin gel on carbohydrate oxidation and sprint performance in Tier 2 athletes.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- The Role of FODMAPs in Sports Nutrition: A Narrative Review and Clinical Implications.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Fibre: The Forgotten Carbohydrate in Sports Nutrition Recommendations.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Review
- Caffeine Supplementation Is Beneficial for the Pulling Performance of Indoor Tug-of-War Athletes.Biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Exercise-Induced Central Fatigue: Biomarkers and Non-Medicinal Interventions.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- Carbohydrate Nutrition and Skill Performance in Soccer.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
- The Physiological Requirements of and Nutritional Recommendations for Equestrian Riders.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Role of prior feeding status in mediating the effects of exercise on blood glucose kinetics.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2023Review
- Article
- A nutritional intervention for moderate altitude endurance preparation: A case report.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2022Article
- Eat like an athlete: insights of sports nutrition science to support active aging in healthy older adults.GeroScience · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of this current opinion paper is to describe the journey of ingested carbohydrate from 'mouth to mitochondria' culminating in energy production in skeletal muscles during exercise. This journey is conveniently described as primary, secondary, and tertiary events. The primary stage is detection of ingested carbohydrate by receptors in the oral cavity and on the tongue that activate reward and other centers in the brain leading to insulin secretion. After digestion, the secondary stage is the transport of monosaccharides from the small intestine into the systemic circulation. The passage of these monosaccharides is facilitated by the presence of various transport proteins. The intestinal mucosa has carbohydrate sensors that stimulate the release of two 'incretin' hormones (GIP and GLP-1) whose actions range from the secretion of insulin to appetite regulation. Most of the ingested carbohydrate is taken up by the liver resulting in a transient inhibition of hepatic glucose release in a dose-dependent manner. Nonetheless, the subsequent increased hepatic glucose (and lactate) output can increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates by 40-50%. The recognition and successful distribution of carbohydrate to the brain and skeletal muscles to maintain carbohydrate oxidation as well as prevent hypoglycaemia underpins the mechanisms to improve exercise performance.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.