Observational studyRevista espanola de salud publica2020
[Social determinants of the incidence of Covid-19 in Barcelona: a preliminary ecological study using public data.]
Observational study in Revista espanola de salud publica, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in migrants and ethnic minorities compared with the general population in the European WHO region during the first year of the pandemic: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Socioeconomic determinants of COVID-19 incidence in a German rural area.BMC public health · 2026Article
- COVID-19, migrants, and world large urban areas: a thematic policy brief.Journal of public health policy · 2024Review
- Socioeconomic Inequalities as a Cause of Health Inequities in Spain: A Scoping Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Ethnic Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Trajectories of the socioeconomic gradient of mental health: Results from the CLSA COVID-19 Questionnaire Study.Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
- Use of Cardiac Procedures in People with Diabetes during the COVID Pandemic in Spain: Effects on the In-Hospital Mortality.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Observational
- An extraordinary wave of SARS-CoV2, the youngest and the least serious.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Evolving mortality and clinical outcomes of hospitalized subjects during successive COVID-19 waves in Catalonia, Spain.Global epidemiology · 2022Article
- The impact of COVID-19 on migrant women in son Gotleu (Palma) and the development of outreach tools to improve health and social care.Journal of advanced nursing · 2022Article
- Association between two mass-gathering outdoor events and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections during the fifth wave of COVID-19 in north-east Spain: A population-based control-matched analysis.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2022Article
- A Web-Based App for Emotional Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Platform Development and Retrospective Analysis of its Use Throughout Two Waves of the Outbreak in Spain.JMIR formative research · 2022Article
- [Socioeconomic inequalities and COVID-19 in Spain. SESPAS Report 2022].Gaceta sanitaria · 2022Review
- Non-pharmaceutical interventions during COVID-19 in the UK and Spain: a rapid realist review.Open research Europe · 2022Article
- Social inequalities and COVID-19 mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.International journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Health Inequalities in the Time of COVID-19: The Globally Reinforcing Need to Strengthen Health Inequalities Research Capacities.International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation · 2021Article
- Association of Socioeconomic Characteristics With Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes in Japan.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- SARS-CoV-2 contact tracing among disadvantaged populations during epidemic intervals should be a priority strategy: results from a pilot experiment in Barcelona.Public health · 2021Article
- Cross-sectional study of SARS-CoV2 clinical characteristics in an immigrant population attended in a Hospital Emergency Department in the Catalunya Health Region in Spain.Journal of migration and health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveSocial determinants and health inequalities have a huge impact on health of populations. It is important to study their role in the management of the Covid-19 epidemic, especially in cities, as certain variables like the number of tests and the access to health system cannot be assumed as equal. The aim of this work was to determine the relation of social determinants in the incidence of Covid-19 in the city of Barcelona.
methodsAn observational retrospective ecological study was performed, with the neighbourhood as the population unit, based on data of cumulative incidence published at May 14th, 2020 by the Public Health Agency of Barcelona. Covid-19 incidence disparities depending on the income of the neighbourhoods, the Pearson linear correlation of the variables selected (age, sex, net density, immigrants, comorbidities, smokers, Body Mass Index [BMI] and Available Income per Family Index [AIFI]) with the incidence and the correlation with a multivariant Generalized Linear Model (GLM) were estimated.
resultsIt was found that neighbourhoods belonging to the lowest quintile of income had a 42% more incidence than those belonging to the highest quintile: 942 cases per 100,000 inhabitants versus 545 per 100,000 inhabitants of the highest quintile. The Pearson correlation was statistically significative between the incidence of Covid-19 and the percentage of population over 75 (r=0.487), the percentage of immigration of the neighbourhood and the origin of the immigrants (r=-0.257), the AIFI (r=-0.462), the percentage of smokers (r=0.243) and the percentage of people with BMI over 25 (r=0.483). The GLM showed that the most correlated variables with the incidence are the percentage of people over 75 (Z-score=0.258), the percentage of people from Maghreb (Z-score=-0.206) and Latin America (Z-score=0.19) and the percentage of people with BMI over 25 (Z-score=0.334). The results of the GLM were significative.
conclusionsSocial determinants are correlated with the modification of the incidence of Covid-19 in the neighbourhoods of Barcelona, with special relevance of the prevalence of BMI over 25 and the percentage of immigrants and its origin.
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