Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32934108›Full record

ArticleJournal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry2020

Parkinson's disease determinants, prediction and gene-environment interactions in the UK Biobank.

Benjamin Meir Jacobs, Daniel Belete, Jonathan Bestwick, Cornelis Blauwendraat, Sara Bandres-Ciga, Karl Heilbron, Ruth Dobson, Mike A Nalls, Andrew Singleton, John Hardy and 4 more

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
69citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
5.4field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

69 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 120 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Type 2 Diabetes as a Determinant of Parkinson's Disease Risk and Progression.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2021
    Pooled it
  6. Genetic and environmental risk factors of Parkinsonism.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026
    Review
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Observational
  12. Article
  13. Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease: Unique Features and Management Approaches.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2025
    Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review

9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Benjamin Meir Jacobs *Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-6023-6010
Daniel Belete *Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-0026-962X
Jonathan BestwickPreventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
Cornelis BlauwendraatLaboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Sara Bandres-CigaLaboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0056-1361
Karl Heilbron23andMe, Mountain View, California, USA.
Ruth DobsonPreventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-2993-585X
Mike A NallsLaboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Andrew SingletonLaboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5606-700X
John HardyDepartment of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
Gavin GiovannoniPreventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9995-1700
Andrew John LeesReta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-2476-4385
Anette-Eleonore SchragDepartment of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-9872-6680
Alastair J NoycePreventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK a.noyce@qmul.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0003-3027-5497
Queen Mary University of London · GBNational Institutes of Health · USUniversity College London · GB23andMe (United States) · US

Funding

Medical Research Council MR/N026004/1Parkinson's UK F-1201Parkinson's UK G-1606
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo systematically investigate the association of environmental risk factors and prodromal features with incident Parkinson's disease (PD) diagnosis and the interaction of genetic risk with these factors. To evaluate whether existing risk prediction algorithms are improved by the inclusion of genetic risk scores.

methodsWe identified individuals with an incident diagnosis of PD (n=1276) and controls (n=500 406) in UK Biobank. We determined the association of risk factors with incident PD using adjusted logistic regression models. We constructed polygenic risk scores (PRSs) using external weights and selected the best PRS from a subset of the cohort (30%). The PRS was used in a separate testing set (70%) to examine gene-environment interactions and compare predictive models for PD.

resultsStrong evidence of association (false discovery rate <0.05) was found between PD and a positive family history of PD, a positive family history of dementia, non-smoking, low alcohol consumption, depression, daytime somnolence, epilepsy and earlier menarche. Individuals with the highest 10% of PRSs had increased risk of PD (OR 3.37, 95% CI 2.41 to 4.70) compared with the lowest risk decile. A higher PRS was associated with earlier age at PD diagnosis and inclusion of the PRS in the PREDICT-PD algorithm led to a modest improvement in model performance. We found evidence of an interaction between the PRS and diabetes.

interpretationHere, we used UK Biobank data to reproduce several well-known associations with PD, to demonstrate the validity of a PRS and to demonstrate a novel gene-environment interaction, whereby the effect of diabetes on PD risk appears to depend on background genetic risk for PD.

Indexed as

Gene-Environment InteractionAdultAgedAlcohol DrinkingBiological Specimen BanksDepressionDiabetes MellitusDisorders of Excessive SomnolenceEpilepsyFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansLogistic ModelsMaleMenarcheMiddle Aged

Identifiers

PMID32934108
PMCPMC7509524
OpenAlexW3087304580

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.