ArticleBMJ case reports2020
Antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis as a complication of long-term immune-suppression for liver transplantation.
Article in BMJ case reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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4 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Case report: anti-GAD65 antibody-associated epilepsy as the primary manifestation of chronic graft-versus-host disease.Annals of hematology · 2026Review
- Possible Tacrolimus-associated seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis presenting with subacute cognitive impairment and disorientation - case report.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Clinical and imaging analysis to evaluate the response of patients with anti-DPPX encephalitis to immunotherapy.BMC neurology · 2022Article
- 'Brain on Fire': an extraordinary cinematic depiction of the phenomenon of diagnostic overshadowing.General psychiatry · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare spectrum of disease that can be a complication of chronic immunosuppression. Diagnosis often requires the presence of antineuronal antibodies, but many causative antibodies have not yet been identified. Antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis (AbNAE) is especially difficult to diagnose and must rely largely on exclusion of other causes. In chronically immune-suppressed transplant recipients, the differential is broad, likely resulting in underdiagnosis and worse outcomes. Here, we present a 58-year-old liver transplant recipient taking tacrolimus for prevention of chronic rejection who presented with 5 days of confusion, lethargy and lightheadedness. He was diagnosed with AbNAE after an extensive workup and recovered fully after high-dose corticosteroids. Our case highlights the importance of recognising the association between chronic immunosuppression and autoimmune encephalitis. Autoimmune encephalitis, even in the absence of characterised antibodies, should be considered when transplant recipients present with central neurologic symptoms.
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