ArticlePublic health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)
Novel Recruitment Methods for Research Among Young Adults in Rural Areas Who Use Opioids: Cookouts, Coupons, and Community-Based Staff.
Article in Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acceptability, Feasibility, and Outcome Responsiveness of the Joint Effort Mobile App for Promoting Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Among Young Adults: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Trial
- Effective and cost-effective strategies for recruiting rural adults into a civic engagement and health behavior change research study.BMC public health · 2026Trial
- Comparing Social Media and In-Person Recruitment: Lessons Learned From Recruiting Substance-Using, Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents and Young Adults for a Randomized Control Trial.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2021Trial
- Guiding principles for clinical research on substance use disorders in rural communities.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Article
- Appalachian Home- and Community- Based Services for People Affected by Dementia.Online journal of rural nursing and health care : the official journal of the Rural Nurse Organization · 2026Article
- Imposters, Bots, and Other Threats to Data Integrity in Online Research: Scoping Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Best Practices.Online journal of public health informatics · 2025Review
- Identifying and counteracting fraudulent responses in online recruitment for health research: a scoping review.BMJ evidence-based medicine · 2025Article
- Strategies used to reduce harms associated with fentanyl exposure among rural people who use drugs: multi-site qualitative findings from the rural opioid initiative.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Evaluation of respondent-driven sampling in seven studies of people who use drugs from rural populations: findings from the Rural Opioid Initiative.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Willingness to utilize a mobile treatment unit in five counties at the epicenter of the US rural opioid epidemic.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Article
- Structural and community changes during COVID-19 and their effects on overdose precursors among rural people who use drugs: a mixed-methods analysis.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2022Article
- Attitudes toward pharmacy-based HCV/HIV testing among people who use drugs in rural Kentucky.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2022Article
- Comparing the feasibility of four web-based recruitment strategies to evaluate the treatment preferences of rural and urban adults who misuse non-prescribed opioids.Preventive medicine · 2021Article
- Liar! Liar! Identifying eligibility fraud by applicants in digital health research.Internet interventions · 2021Article
- Article
- Willingness to Participate in At-Home HIV Testing Among Young Adults Who Use Opioids in Rural Appalachia.AIDS and behavior · 2021Article
- Recruitment Issues in Emerging Adult Populations: Focus on Adult Congenital Heart Disease.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesRural communities in the United States are increasingly becoming epicenters of substance use and related harms. However, best practices for recruiting rural people who use drugs (PWUD) for epidemiologic research are unknown, because such strategies were developed in cities. This study explores the feasibility of web- and community-based strategies to recruit rural, young adult PWUD into epidemiologic research. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe recruited PWUD from rural Kentucky to participate in a web-based survey about opioid use using web-based peer referral and community-based strategies, including cookouts, flyers, street outreach, and invitations to PWUD enrolled in a concurrent substance use study. Staff members labeled recruitment materials with unique codes to enable tracking. We assessed eligibility and fraud through online eligibility screening and a fraud detection algorithm, respectively. Eligibility criteria included being aged 18-35, recently using opioids to get high, and residing in the study area.
resultsRecruitment yielded 410 complete screening entries, of which 234 were eligible and 151 provided complete, nonfraudulent surveys (ie, surveys that passed a fraud-detection algorithm designed to identify duplicate, nonlocal, and/or bot-generated entries). Cookouts and subsequent web-based peer referrals accounted for the highest proportion of screening entries (37.1%, n = 152), but only 29.6% (n = 45) of entries from cookouts and subsequent web-based peer referrals resulted in eligible, nonfraudulent surveys. Recruitment and subsequent web-based peer referral from the concurrent study yielded the second most screening entries (27.8%, n = 114), 77.2% (n = 88) of which resulted in valid surveys. Other recruitment strategies combined to yield 35.1% (n = 144) of screening entries and 11.9% (n = 18) of valid surveys.
conclusionsWeb-based methods need to be complemented by context-tailored, street-outreach activities to recruit rural PWUD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.