ReviewBrain sciences2020
Analyzing the Potential Biological Determinants of Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Neuroinflammation to the Kynurenine Pathway.
Review in Brain sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06069323 (Therapeutic Use of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation), which is not on this map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Therapeutic Use of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Cohorts (ADHD): a Randomized, Sham-controlled Study.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex Differences in Tryptophan Metabolism: A Systematic Review Focused on Neuropsychiatric Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Palmitoylethanolamide and Its Biobehavioral Correlates in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Evidence.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Microbiome-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Tryptophan Metabolites in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Stool-Urine Multi-Omics Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Toe Walking in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Italian Pediatric Sample.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Observational
- Article
- Modeling the developing nervous system: a neuroscience perspective on the use of new approach methodologies in developmental neurotoxicity testing.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025Review
- Oxidative stress response and NRF2 signaling pathway in autism spectrum disorder.Redox biology · 2025Review
- Diverse Physiological Roles of Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites: Updated Implications for Health and Disease.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Cross-generational mechanisms of maternal gut microbiota in modulating offspring autism spectrum disorder risk: from the gut-brain axis to translational challenges in precision interventions.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Review
- Comparing plasma levels and ratios of tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenine and quinolinic acid between patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls: impact of depressive episode or post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- A recurrent missense variant in the E3 ubiquitin ligase substrate recognition subunit FEM1B causes a rare syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder.Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics · 2024Article
- Autism spectrum disorder and a possible role of anti-inflammatory treatments: experience in the pediatric allergy/immunology clinic.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- CSF neopterin and quinolinic acid are biomarkers of neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity in FIRES and other infection-triggered encephalopathy syndromes.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2023Article
- Agomelatine: A Potential Multitarget Compound for Neurodevelopmental Disorders.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Structural variants identified using non-Mendelian inheritance patterns advance the mechanistic understanding of autism spectrum disorder.HGG advances · 2023Article
- Complex Neuroimmune Involvement in Neurodevelopment: A Mini-Review.Journal of inflammation research · 2023Review
- Potential Benefits of Anthocyanins in Chronic Disorders of the Central Nervous System.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Association of maternal autoimmune disease and early childhood infections with offspring autism spectrum disorder: A population-based cohort study.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022Article
- Long COVID Syndrome Presenting as Neuropsychiatric Exacerbations in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights for Treatment.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Autism Spectrum Disorder and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review.Brain sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) etiopathogenesis is still unclear and no effective preventive and treatment measures have been identified. Research has focused on the potential role of neuroinflammation and the Kynurenine pathway; here we review the nature of these interactions. Pre-natal or neonatal infections would induce microglial activation, with secondary consequences on behavior, cognition and neurotransmitter networks. Peripherally, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-brain antibodies have been identified. Increased frequency of autoimmune diseases, allergies, and recurring infections have been demonstrated both in autistic patients and in their relatives. Genetic studies have also identified some important polymorphisms in chromosome loci related to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. The persistence of immune-inflammatory deregulation would lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, creating a self-sustaining cytotoxic loop. Chronic inflammation activates the Kynurenine pathway with an increase in neurotoxic metabolites and excitotoxicity, causing long-term changes in the glutamatergic system, trophic support and synaptic function. Furthermore, overactivation of the Kynurenine branch induces depletion of melatonin and serotonin, worsening ASD symptoms. Thus, in genetically predisposed subjects, aberrant neurodevelopment may derive from a complex interplay between inflammatory processes, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and Kynurenine pathway overexpression. To validate this hypothesis a new translational research approach is necessary.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.