ArticleJournal of behavioral medicine2021
Perceived discrimination predicts elevated biological markers of inflammation among sexual minority adults.
Article in Journal of behavioral medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Minority stress in relation to biological outcomes among sexual and gender minority people: a systematic review and update.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Perceived Everyday Discrimination, Dysfunctional Attitudes, and Their Influence on Depressive Symptoms and Inflammation in Youth.Research in nursing & health · 2026Article
- Sexual orientation, gender identity and cardiometabolic risk: a narrative review.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- LGBTQ+ identity and its association with inflammation and cellular immune function.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Psychological Stress and Cognitive Brain Health: Policies to Reduce Dementia Risk.Policy insights from the behavioral and brain sciences · 2025Article
- How community connection, homophobia, and racism shape gene expression in sexual minority men with and without HIV.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2025Article
- The socioecology of sexual minority stigma: Advancing theory on stigma-based mechanisms underlying sexual orientation-based disparities in health.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Moving toward affective immunology: Legacy and future directions.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2024Article
- Threats to social safety and neuro-inflammatory mechanisms underlying sexual orientation disparities in depression symptom severity: A prospective cohort study of young adults.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- Acceptability of Biospecimen Collection Among Sexual and/or Gender Minority Adults in the United States.Annals of LGBTQ public and population health · 2023Article
- How deep is the cut? The influence of daily microaggressions on bisexual women's health.Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity · 2023Article
- Relationship Support and Strain among Sexual Minority Women: Changes across Cohorts from 1995 to 2013.Couple & family psychology · 2023Article
- Thwarted Belonging Needs: A Mechanism Prospectively Linking Multiple Levels of Stigma and Interpersonal Outcomes among Sexual Minorities.The Journal of social issues · 2023Article
- Prevalence of Chronic Pelvic Pain by Sexual Orientation in a Large Cohort of Young Women in the United States.The journal of sexual medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sexual minority (SM) adults (those who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual) consistently report more health problems compared to heterosexuals, and they tend to experience excess social stress. Although numerous studies have established links between social stress and clinical outcomes in SM adults, few studies have examined biological factors that may help explain how social stress leads to health disparities among SM adults. We used data from the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS) to examine whether two inflammatory markers that have been commonly associated with social stress-C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)-differed by sexual orientation and whether any differences were explained by perceptions of discrimination. Participants self-identified as heterosexual (n = 1956) or lesbian, gay, or bisexual (n = 81). After controlling for age, gender, race, and education, SM individuals had higher CRP and IL-6 than heterosexuals on average and these differences were partially explained by perceptions of discrimination. Implications for inflammatory pathways as mechanisms related to SM health disparities and discrimination are discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.