High-Quality SNP Linkage Maps Improved QTL Mapping and Genome Assembly in Populus.

With the advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies and the development of new software for extracting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across a mapping population, it is possible to construct high-quality genetic maps with thousands of SNPs in outbred forest trees. Two parent-specific linkage maps were constructed with restriction site-associated DNA sequencing data from an F1 hybrid population derived from Populus deltoides and Populus simonii, and applied in QTL mapping and genome assembly. The female P. deltoides map contained 4018 SNPs, which were divided into 19 linkage groups under a wide range of LOD thresholds from 7 to 55. The male P. simonii map showed similar characteristics, consisting of 2097 SNPs, which also belonged to 19 linkage groups under LOD thresholds of 7 to 29. The SNP order of each linkage group was optimal among different ordering results from several available software. Moreover, the linkage maps allowed the detection of 39 QTLs underlying tree height and 47 for diameter at breast height. In addition, the linkage maps improved the anchoring of 689 contigs of P. simonii to chromosomes. The 2 parental genetic maps of Populus are of high quality, especially in terms of SNP data quality, the SNP order within linkage groups, and the perfect match between the number of linkage groups and the karyotype of Populus, as well as the excellent performances in QTL mapping and genome assembly. Both approaches for extracting and ordering SNPs could be applied to other species for constructing high-quality genetic maps.