Trial reportJournal of leukocyte biology2021
Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19: Innate immune, vascular, and platelet pathogenic factors differ in severity of disease and sex.
Trial report in Journal of leukocyte biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antiplatelet therapy for patients with COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Immunothrombosis in Acute Respiratory Dysfunction of COVID-19.Frontiers in immunologyPooled it
- Principal component analysis of cytokine signature in COVID-19 and Long COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Persistent Changes in Hormones and Growth Factors Involved in Ageing in Patients That Recovered from Severe COVID-19.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Dissecting Sex-Specific Pathology in K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mice Infected With Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- Potential Predictors of the Outcome of Tocilizumab Treatment in Patients with COVID-19-Associated Hyperinflammation.Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- Review
- The Conditions of Survival of Patients with a SARS-CoV-2 Infection Burdened by Cardiovascular Pathologies in a Temporary Hospital in Gdańsk in 2021 and 2022.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Identification of blood immunological biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pandemic in Poland.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Plasma Proteins Associated with COVID-19 Severity in Puerto Rico.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Design and Characterization of a New Formulation for the Delivery of COVID-19-mRNA Vaccine to the Nasal Mucosa.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Article
- Viruses exploit growth factor mechanisms to achieve augmented pathogenicity and promote tumorigenesis.Archives of microbiology · 2024Review
- The Role of Cytokines and Molecular Pathways in Lung Fibrosis Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Physiopathologic (Re)view.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Multiple mechanisms enable broad-spectrum activity of theFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- The Serum ACE2, CTSL, AngII, and TNFα Levels after COVID-19 and mRNA Vaccines: The Molecular Basis.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- The Relationship between COVID-19 Severity in Children and Immunoregulatory Gene Polymorphism.Viruses · 2023Article
- Microbial and immune faecal determinants in infants hospitalized with COVID-19 reflect bifidobacterial dysbiosis and immature intestinal immunity.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- COVID severity test (CoST sensor)-An electrochemical immunosensing approach to stratify disease severity.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2023Article
- Discovery and systematic assessment of early biomarkers that predict progression to severe COVID-19 disease.Communications medicine · 2023Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
COVID-19 rapidly emerged as a crippling public health crisis in the last few months, which has presented a series health risk. Understanding of the immune response and biomarker analysis is needed to progress toward understanding disease pathology and developing improved treatment options. The goal of this study is to identify pathogenic factors that are linked to disease severity and patient characteristics. Patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized from March 17 to June 5, 2020 were analyzed for clinical features of disease and soluble plasma cytokines in association with disease severity and sex. Data from COVID-19 patients with acute illness were examined along with an age- and gender-matched control cohort. We identified a group of 16 soluble factors that were found to be increased in COVID-19 patients compared to controls, whereas 2 factors were decreased. In addition to inflammatory cytokines, we found significant increases in factors known to mediate vasculitis and vascular remodeling (PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB-BB, soluble CD40L (sCD40L), FGF, and IP10). Four factors such as platelet-derived growth factors, fibroblast growth factor-2, and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 were strongly associated with severe disease and ICU admission. Th2-related factors (IL-4 and IL-13) were increased with IL-4 and sCD40L present at increased levels in males compared with females. Our analysis revealed networking clusters of cytokines and growth factors, including previously unknown roles of vascular and stromal remodeling, activation of the innate immunity, as well activation of type 2 immune responses in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. These data highlight biomarker associations with disease severity and sex in COVID-19 patients.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.