ArticleInternational journal of legal medicine2021
Morphology of direct and indirect rib fractures.
Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Research on the correlation between rib fracture characteristics and the risk of intrathoracic and intra-abdominal injuries.Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi · 2025Observational
- CPR related injuries of the chest wall: direct and indirect fractures.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2025Article
- Chest wall injury fracture patterns are associated with different mechanisms of injury: a retrospective review study in the United States.Journal of trauma and injury · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rib fractures are a common finding in legal medicine and information on the impact mechanism is relevant for trauma reconstruction. This study focuses on morphological characteristics of rib fractures resulting from direct or indirect force. Fresh human ribs (n = 312) were divided into two groups and broken through local force (direct) and bending (indirect) in anterolateral areas. The ribs were macerated, visually investigated and the results statistically analysed. The indirect fractures showed a significant larger lateral offset of the internal and external fracture ends while the fracture ends of the direct fractures were more often straight, in line. Also, the morphology of the inner and outer fracture edges was significantly related to fracture type. Direct fractures mostly had rough and jagged inner edges (tension side) and straight, smooth outer edges (compression side), whereas indirect fractures more often showed the characteristics vice versa. The results were more convincing in combination and in ribs from persons aged ≤ 75 years at death. In summary, the direct and indirect rib fractures showed significantly different characteristics regarding orientation and offset of the fracture lines and roughness of the inner and outer fracture edges, which can be helpful to distinguish the traumatizing impact mechanisms in forensic autopsy routine.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.