ArticleSleep2021
A scalable method of determining physiological endotypes of sleep apnea from a polysomnographic sleep study.
Article in Sleep, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantification of ventilatory control in sleep apnea: from physiological insight to computable loop gain.Sleep · 2026Review
- Current Updates on Pharmacotherapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea.Journal of rhinology : official journal of the Korean Rhinologic Society · 2026Review
- Endotypic Trait Responses to 12-Month Tirzepatide Treatment for an Obese Patient with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Case Report.Obesity facts · 2026Article
- Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography to Quantify Changes in Ventilation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2026Article
- Advancements, challenges, and prospects of explainable AI in sleep disordered breathing.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2026Review
- Unraveling sleep apnea dynamics: quantifying loop gain using dynamical modeling of ventilatory control.Sleep · 2026Article
- Loop Gain in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: From Physiological Endotype to Clinical Translation.Nature and science of sleep · 2026Review
- Research Priorities for Translating Endophenotyping of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea to the Clinic: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Increased loop gain and upper airway collapsibility among smoking patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- Polysomnographic endotypes of successful multilevel upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea.Sleep · 2025Article
- Context-aware analysis enhances autoscoring accuracy of home sleep apnea testing.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025Article
- Upper Airway Collapsibility During Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Is Associated With the Response to Upper Airway Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea.Clinical and experimental otorhinolaryngology · 2025Article
- Article
- NLRP3 Inflammasome Triggers Inflammation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.Current molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Morphological Prediction of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure-associated Acute Respiratory Instability.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2025Article
- [Sleep Innovation].Open respiratory archives · 2024Review
- Novel physiologic predictors of positive airway pressure effectiveness (NICEPAP) study: rationale, design and methods.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2024Observational
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Twins.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Precision medicine approaches in obstructive sleep apnoea: The role of dentist-sleep physician partnerships.Australian dental journal · 2024Review
- Paediatric sleep diagnostics in the 21st century: the era of "sleep-omics"?European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sleep apnea is caused by several endophenotypic traits, namely pharyngeal collapsibility, poor muscle compensation, ventilatory instability (high loop gain), and arousability from sleep (low arousal threshold). Measures of these traits have shown promise for predicting outcomes of therapies (e.g. oral appliances, surgery, hypoglossal nerve stimulation, CPAP, and pharmaceuticals), which may become an integral part of precision sleep medicine. Currently, the methods Sands et al. developed for endotyping sleep apnea from polysomnography (PSG) are embedded in the original authors' code, which is computationally expensive and requires technological expertise to run. We present a reimplementation and validation of the integrity of the original authors' code by reproducing the endo-Phenotyping Using Polysomnography (PUP) method of Sands et al. The original MATLAB methods were reprogrammed in Python; efficient algorithms were developed to detect breaths, calculate normalized ventilation (moving time-average), and model ventilatory drive (intended ventilation). The new implementation (PUPpy) was validated by comparing the endotypes from PUPpy with the original PUP results. Both endotyping methods were applied to 38 manually scored polysomnographic studies. Results of the new implementation were strongly correlated with the original (p < 10-6 for all): ventilation at eupnea V̇ passive (ICC = 0.97), ventilation at arousal onset V̇ active (ICC = 0.97), loop gain (ICC = 0.96), and arousal threshold (ICC = 0.90). We successfully implemented the original PUP method by Sands et al. providing further evidence of its integrity. Additionally, we created a cloud-based version for scaling up sleep apnea endotyping that can be used more easily by a wider audience of researchers and clinicians.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.