ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2021
The Underreporting of Concussion: Differences Between Black and White High School Athletes Likely Stemming from Inequities.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic search and review of racial and ethnic differences in traumatic brain injury prevalence and incidence.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review Examining the Reporting of Race and Ethnicity in Sport-Related Concussion Studies.Journal of athletic training · 2024Pooled it
- The prevalence of Black/African American individuals in concussion literature: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Understanding Concussion Knowledge in Urban Community Settings: Perspectives of School Nurses and Youth Athletic Program Leaders.The Journal of school nursing : the official publication of the National Association of School Nurses · 2026Article
- Global Trends in Adolescent Health Inequalities and Their Social Determinants: A Bibliometric and Scoping Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Racial and ethnic representation in concussion research: a call for methodological and analytical reform.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Association of Subacute Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms With Long-Term Persistent Symptoms, Functional Limitations, and Quality of Life.Neurology · 2025Article
- Factors Influencing Athletic Training Services in California Secondary Schools: A 5-Year Update.Journal of athletic training · 2024Article
- Applying the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Framework to Social Determinants of Health in the Context of Sport-Related Concussion: A Clinical Commentary.Journal of athletic training · 2024Article
- Awareness and understanding of concussion among Aboriginal Australians with high health literacy.Concussion (London, England) · 2024Article
- Focus areas and methodological characteristics of North American-based health disparity research in sports medicine: a scoping review.British journal of sports medicine · 2024Article
- Premorbid Risk Factors and Acute Injury Characteristics of Sport-Related Concussion Across the National Collegiate Athletic Association: Findings from the Concussion Assessment, Research, and Education (CARE) Consortium.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- Injury-Reduction Programs Containing Neuromuscular Neck Exercises and the Incidence of Soccer-Related Head and Neck Injuries.Journal of athletic training · 2023Article
- Uses of Health Care System Medical Care Services by Athletes After Injury at the High School Level.The Journal of school health · 2023Article
- A framework for health equity in people living with epilepsy.Epilepsy research · 2022Review
- Socioeconomic status and injury history in adolescent athletes: Lower family affluence is associated with a history of concussion.Journal of clinical and translational research · 2022Article
- Exploration of Race and Ethnicity, Sex, Sport-Related Concussion, Depression History, and Suicide Attempts in US Youth.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Concussion Nondisclosure in Youth Sports.Journal of athletic training · 2022Article
- Equity and Disparities in Diagnosis, Management, and Research of Post-Traumatic Headache.Current pain and headache reports · 2022Review
- Health Care Navigation of Black and White Adolescents After Sport-Related Concussion: A Path Toward Health Equity.Journal of athletic training · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Previous studies have found that Black high school athletes have poorer knowledge about concussions and have fewer sports medicine healthcare resources than White athletes, but research on concussion disclosure by race is still needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine racial differences in concussion reporting behaviors between Black and White high school athletes. This cross-sectional study administered surveys to 577 high school athletes (64.5% Black; 72.3% males; 16.02 ± 1.2 years) from 14 schools (title I, n = 9; non-title I, n = 5). The survey included self-reported items on concussions and bell-ringers experienced during games and practices and the number of these episodes that were reported to an authoritative figure. Reasons for reporting and not reporting were also assessed. Results found that White athletes were more likely to recall experiencing a bell-ringer in games compared with Black athletes. They were also more likely to report a bell-ringer or concussion that occurred in a game. There was a significantly higher proportion of Black athletes compared with White athletes that did not report their bell-ringer experienced in games and concussions experienced in practices. White athletes were more likely than Black athletes to disclose a concussion because they thought they had a concussion, while there were no racial differences in the reasons for not reporting. The findings of this study highlight the critical role that race, as a social determinant of health, may play in concussion reporting in high school athletes. Future public health efforts should seek to further understand and overcome inequities in healthcare resources for concussion education and management.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.