ArticleMedical care2020
Utilization of Social Determinants of Health ICD-10 Z-Codes Among Hospitalized Patients in the United States, 2016-2017.
Article in Medical care, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 184 citations in OpenAlex.
- Applications of Natural Language Processing and Large Language Models for Social Determinants of Health: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Frailty Screening Using the Risk Analysis Index: A User Guide.Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety · 2025Pooled it
- Is Our Science Representative? A Systematic Review of Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Orthopaedic Clinical Trials from 2000 to 2020.Clinical orthopaedics and related research · 2022Pooled it
- The quality of social determinants data in the electronic health record: a systematic review.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2021Pooled it
- Extracting social determinants of health from electronic health records using natural language processing: a systematic review.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2021Pooled it
- Social determinants of health associated with newly documented opioid-related postpartum readmissions.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Social Needs Screening and Subsequent Acute Care Utilization in a Large Safety-Net Health System: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Social Determinants of Health Coding Among Hospital Visits Made by Adults With Cancer.JCO oncology practice · 2026Article
- Changes in documentation of social risk factor diagnosis codes: comparison of Medicaid Accountable Care Organization model types.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Behavioral and Engagement Predictors of Arthroplasty Clinic No-Shows: A Calibrated Machine Learning Analysis.Arthroplasty today · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular outcome of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists vs dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor on end-stage kidney disease patients with heart failure: an emulated target trial in patients with diabetes.Nature communications · 2026Observational
- Risks of Retinal Vascular Occlusions with the Systemic Use of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.Ophthalmology. Retina · 2026Article
- Analyzing pediatric department documentation of patient social needs with ICD-10 Z-codes.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Article
- The Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Complications and Health Care Utilization After Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Social determinants of health diagnosis codes in in-person and telehealth visits during pregnancy in the United States, 2020-2025: a repeated cross-sectional and case-control study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Inclusion bias affects common variant discovery and replication in a health-system linked biobank.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Distance and Likelihood of Cardiovascular Imaging Receipt Among Medicare Beneficiaries: Cardiovascular Imaging Deserts Among Medicare Beneficiaries.JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · 2026Article
- Clinical Note-Extracted Psychosocial Factors for Predicting Suicide Attempt Among ED Patients With Suicidal Ideation.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Comparison of Emergency Department Patients with Salpingitis and Oophoritis with and without Documented Social Determinants of Health.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe inclusion of Z-codes for social determinants of health (SDOH) in the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) may offer an opportunity to improve data collection of SDOH, but no characterization of their utilization exists on a national all-payer level.
objectiveTo examine the prevalence of SDOH Z-codes and compare characteristics of patients with and without Z-codes and hospitals that do and do not use Z-codes. RESEARCH
designRetrospective cohort study using 2016 and 2017 National Inpatient Sample.
participantsTotal of 14,289,644 inpatient hospitalizations. MEASURES: Prevalence of SDOH Z-codes (codes Z55-Z65) and descriptive statistics of patients and hospitals.
resultsOf admissions, 269,929 (1.9%) included SDOH Z-codes. Average monthly SDOH Z-code use increased across the study period by 0.01% per month (P<0.001). The cumulative number and proportion of hospitals that had ever used an SDOH Z-code also increased, from 1895 hospitals (41%) in January 2016 to 3210 hospitals (70%) in December 2017. Hospitals that coded at least 1 SDOH Z-code were larger, private not-for-profit, and urban teaching hospitals. Compared with admissions without an SDOH Z-code, admissions with them were for patients who were younger, more often male, Medicaid recipients or uninsured. A higher proportion of admissions with SDOH Z-codes were for mental health (44.0% vs. 3.3%, P<0.001) and alcohol and substance use disorders (9.6% vs. 1.1%, P<0.001) compared with those without.
conclusionsThe uptake of SDOH Z-codes has been slow, and current coding is likely poorly reflective of the actual burden of social needs experienced by hospitalized patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.