ArticleExperimental brain research2020
Effects of estrogen and progesterone on the neurogenic inflammatory neuropeptides: implications for gender differences in migraine.
Article in Experimental brain research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between migraine and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- The Estrogen-CGRP Axis in Migraine: Neuroimmune Mechanisms, Sex Differences, and Therapeutic Implications.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- The Neurology of Menopause.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Review
- Esculetin attenuates migraine-like pain via CGRP suppression and meningeal mast cell modulation in rat models.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2026Article
- TRPM3 activation causes CGRP release in trigeminal neurons: Implications for migraine mechanisms.Headache · 2026Article
- Gender and Allergy: Mechanisms, Clinical Phenotypes, and Therapeutic Response-A Position Paper from the Società Italiana di Allergologia, Asma ed Immunologia Clinica (SIAAIC).International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- RAMP1-dependent hormonal regulation of CGRP and its receptor in the trigeminal ganglion.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- Neurogenic Inflammation in Allergic Contact Dermatitis.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Sex difference in TRPM3 channel functioning in nociceptive and vascular systems: an emerging target for migraine therapy in females?The journal of headache and pain · 2025Review
- Migraine in men.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Review
- Bidirectional substance P signaling between periodontal ligament fibroblasts and sensory neurons under mechanical stress.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Multifaceted Role of Specialized Neuropeptide-Intensive Neurons on the Selective Vulnerability to Alzheimer's Disease in the Human Brain.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- CGRP as a potential mediator for the sexually dimorphic responses to traumatic brain injury.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Article
- Progesterone distribution in the trigeminal system and its role to modulate sensory neurotransmission: influence of sex.The journal of headache and pain · 2023Article
- Oral combined hormonal contraceptive associated with protection against allodynia in migraine in a cross-sectional study.Irish journal of medical science · 2023Article
- Profiling the Spectrum of Headache Disorders on 440 Breast Cancer Patients: Highlights on Clinical and Pathological Mechanisms.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Molecular mechanisms of hormones implicated in migraine and the translational implication for transgender patients.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Sex differences in pain along the neuraxis.Neuropharmacology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Neurogenic inflammation including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance-P (SP) release plays a pivotal role in migraine pathogenesis. Prevalence of migraine is ~ 3 folds higher in women than in men, but its underlying mechanisms remained unclear. We investigated the effects of female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone on CGRP and SP in in-vivo and ex-vivo in rats of both sexes. For in-vivo experiments, male, female and ovariectomized rats were separated into four groups (n = 7) as control, estrogen, progesterone and estrogen + progesterone, respectively. Groups received daily intraperitoneal vehicle, 17β-estradiol, progesterone and 17β-estradiol + progesterone for 5 days, respectively. For ex-vivo experiments in both sexes, isolated trigeminal ganglia and hemiskull preparations were divided into four groups (n = 6 or 8), respectively, as in-vivo groups, and administered the same test substances. CGRP and SP contents in plasma and superfusates were determined using ELISA. In in-vivo experiments, 17β-estradiol decreased CGRP levels in males and SP levels in ovariectomized rats. Progesterone increased both CGRP and SP levels in females. Their combination decreased both CGRP and SP levels in males, and only SP levels in ovariectomized rats. In ex-vivo experiments, 17β-estradiol reduced CGRP release in males and SP release in females in trigeminal ganglia. While progesterone increased CGRP release in trigeminal ganglia, it reduced SP release from hemiskulls in both sexes. Their combination restored progesterone-mediated changes in neuropeptides releases in both trigeminal ganglia and hemiskulls in both sexes. Estrogen alleviates neurogenic inflammation through modulation of CGRP and SP release. Progesterone has dual effects on these neuropeptides in different sites associated with migraine pain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.