ReviewFrontiers in veterinary science2020
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonist Implants for Male Dog Fertility Suppression: A Review of Mode of Action, Efficacy, Safety, and Uses.
Review in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances and future applications of immunocastration techniques: a comprehensive review.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- Safety and dosing of testosterone for hormone restoration in neutered dogs.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Behavioral Changes in Cats Following Deslorelin Implantation or Surgical Gonadectomy.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Use of a slow-release GnRH implant in an adult billy goat.Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere · 2024Article
- Article
- Male animal sterilization: history, current practices, and potential methods for replacing castration.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Review
- A biocompatible NIR-II light-responsive nanoknife for permanent male sterilization.Nanoscale advances · 2023Article
- Single neonatal estrogen implant sterilizes female animals by decreasing hypothalamic KISS1 expression.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Testicular Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes and Changes in Response to a Slow-Release Deslorelin Implant (SuprelorinAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Prepubertal Use of Long-Term GnRH Agonists in Dogs: Current Knowledge and Recommendations.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Review
- Hormonal Suppression in Female Rhesus Macaques (Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2022Article
- Ovarian protection and safety of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist after cervical cancer surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of translational medicine · 2022Article
- Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Cyproterone Acetate to Prevent Flare-Up Effect on Dogs Implanted With Deslorelin.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Suppression of reproductive function in juvenile rams by a slow-release gonadotropin-releasing hormone implant.Open veterinary journalArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
At present, only surgical sterilization is available for veterinarians and pet owners seeking suppression of fertility in male dogs, in most countries. An alternative contraceptive alternative approach is GnRH releasing implants that desensitize the pituitary to the stimulatory effects of GnRH and thereby block testicular function (testosterone and sperm production). Two GnRH agonists (deslorelin and azagly-nafarelin) have been researched in controlled release formulations for this purpose. A deslorelin-releasing biodegradable implant, marketed under the name Suprelorin®, has been available in Australia and New Zealand since 2007, the European Union (EU) since 2008, and received regulatory approval in China and Mexico in late 2019. Two versions of the implant are available, one labeled for a minimum of 6 months of fertility suppression in male dogs, and the other for a minimum of 12 months in male dogs. Another GnRH agonist (azagly-nafarelin) was also included in a solid implant (Gonazon®). Research results showed it delivered 6-months to 1 year of suppressed fertility; however, it is not commercialized. This review paper summarizes research on the mechanism of action for these technologies and compiles and interprets the research on efficacy and safety. New findings on usage of the deslorelin releasing implant in countries where veterinarians and pet owners have this option is shared. Research on off-label use of the product in male dogs is also reviewed. This review aims to aid in the evaluation of the deslorelin releasing implant as an adjunct or alternative for surgical sterilization of male dogs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.