ReviewMelanoma management2020
An update on GM-CSF and its potential role in melanoma management.
Review in Melanoma management, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Uncovering the Intricate and Heterogeneous Cellular Microenvironment of Cutaneous Melanoma.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Reprogramming the melanoma tumor immune microenvironment via combinatorial signal 2/3 gene delivery.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Recent advances in tumor-activated prodrug nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Dendritic cell immunotherapy advances for solid tumors: Vaccination and modulation.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Review
- Decreased PD-L1 contributes to preeclampsia by suppressing GM-CSF via the JAK2/STAT5 signal pathway.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Advances in Cell and Immune Therapies for Melanoma.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Next-generation vaccines are showing promise against glioblastoma.Oncotarget · 2024Article
- Autologous dendritic cells loaded with antigens from self-renewing autologous tumor cells as patient-specific therapeutic cancer vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Dose-Specific Intratumoral GM-CSF Modulates Breast Tumor Oxygenation and Antitumor Immunity.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Article
- Highlights into historical and current immune interventions for cancer.International immunopharmacology · 2023Review
- Two-Wave Variable Nanotheranostic Agents for Dual-Mode Imaging-Guided Photo-Induced Triple-Therapy for Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2022Article
- Melanoma cells with diverse invasive potential differentially induce the activation of normal human fibroblasts.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2022Article
- Blood Eosinophils Are Associated with Efficacy of Targeted Therapy in Patients with Advanced Melanoma.Cancers · 2022Article
- A Novel PD-L1-Containing MSLN Targeting Vaccine for Lung Cancer Immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Intratumoural administration and tumour tissue targeting of cancer immunotherapies.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2021Review
- Step-by-Step Immune Activation for Suicide Gene Therapy Reinforcement.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Formulation and In Vitro Characterization of PLGA/PLGA-PEG Nanoparticles Loaded with Murine Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2021Article
- Review
- Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor Produces a Splenic Subset of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells That Efficiently Polarize T Helper Type 2 Cells in Response to Blood-Borne Antigen.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
GM-CSF drives the differentiation of granulocytes and monocyte/macrophages from hematopoietic stem cell progenitors. It is required for differentiating monocytes into dendritic cells (DC). Although approved for recovery of granulocytes/monocytes in patients receiving chemotherapy, G-CSF is preferred. Enthusiasm for GM-CSF monotherapy as a melanoma treatment was dampened by two large randomized trials. Although GM-CSF has been injected into tumors for many years, the efficacy of this has not been tested. There is a strong rationale for GM-CSF as a vaccine adjuvant, but it appears of benefit only for strategies that directly involve DCs, such as intratumor talimogene laherparepvec and vaccines in which DCs are loaded with antigen
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.