Trial reportNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2020
The effects of eszopiclone on sleep spindles and memory consolidation in schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial.
Trial report in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Slow Oscillation-Sleep Spindle Coupling Is Associated With Expectancy Measures of Fear Extinction Retention in Trauma-Exposed Individuals.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- Targeting Sleep to Improve Outcomes in Psychosis: Digital and Non-Pharmacological Interventions.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Sleep and wake markers of thalamocortical functioning in early-course psychosis and first-degree relatives.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A Novel Nomogram for Diabetic Retinopathy Prediction in Young and Middle-Aged Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Sleep Spindle Abnormalities as Neurophysiological Biomarkers of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: From Cellular Mechanisms and Neural Circuits to Clinical Implications.Biological psychiatry · 2025Review
- The Interplay Between Sleep and Mental Health: A Genetic Perspective.Biological psychiatry · 2025Review
- Article
- NREM Sleep Oscillations Are Associated With Anxiety and Negative Affect in Young Adults.Journal of sleep research · 2025Article
- CB-1 receptor agonist drastically changes oscillatory activity, defining active sleep.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Age-Related Changes in Sleep and Its Implications for Cognitive Decline in Aging Persons With Schizophrenia: A Critical Review.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Review
- Article
- Slow oscillation-sleep spindle coupling is associated with fear extinction retention in trauma-exposed individuals.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Individualized temporal patterns drive human sleep spindle timing.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Does fragmented sleep mediate the relationship between deficits in sleep spindles and memory consolidation in schizophrenia?Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2025Article
- The Role of the Hippocampus in Consolidating Motor Learning during Wakefulness.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Study Protocol: Global Research Initiative on the Neurophysiology of Schizophrenia (GRINS) project.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Delineating memory reactivation in sleep with verbal and non-verbal retrieval cues.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Article
- Maintenance of Procedural Motor Memory across Brief Rest Periods Requires the Hippocampus.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sleep spindles, defining oscillations of stage 2 non-rapid eye movement sleep (N2), mediate memory consolidation. Schizophrenia is characterized by reduced spindle activity that correlates with impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation. In a small, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of schizophrenia, eszopiclone (Lunesta®), a nonbenzodiazepine sedative hypnotic, increased N2 spindle density (number/minute) but did not significantly improve memory. This larger double-blind crossover study that included healthy controls investigated whether eszopiclone could both increase N2 spindle density and improve memory. Twenty-six medicated schizophrenia outpatients and 29 healthy controls were randomly assigned to have a placebo or eszopiclone (3 mg) sleep visit first. Each visit involved two consecutive nights of high density polysomnography with training on the Motor Sequence Task (MST) on the second night and testing the following morning. Patients showed a widespread reduction of spindle density and, in both groups, eszopiclone increased spindle density but failed to enhance sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation. Follow-up analyses revealed that eszopiclone also affected cortical slow oscillations: it decreased their amplitude, increased their duration, and rendered their phase locking with spindles more variable. Regardless of group or visit, the density of coupled spindle-slow oscillation events predicted memory consolidation significantly better than spindle density alone, suggesting that they are a better biomarker of memory consolidation. In conclusion, sleep oscillations are promising targets for improving memory consolidation in schizophrenia, but enhancing spindles is not enough. Effective therapies also need to preserve or enhance cortical slow oscillations and their coordination with thalamic spindles, an interregional dialog that is necessary for sleep-dependent memory consolidation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.