Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32919326›Full record

ArticleJournal of experimental child psychology2021

Emotion expression and regulation in three cultures: Chinese, Japanese, and American preschoolers' reactions to disappointment.

Ka I Ip, Alison L Miller, Mayumi Karasawa, Hidemi Hirabayashi, Midori Kazama, Li Wang, Sheryl L Olson, Daniel Kessler, Twila Tardif

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of experimental child psychology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
26citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  15. Diabetes Distress and Associated Factors Among Chinese Americans with Type 2 Diabetes in New York City.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2024
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ka I IpDepartment of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Electronic address: kai.ip@yale.edu.
Alison L MillerSchool of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Mayumi KarasawaDepartment of communication, Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Suginami, Tokyo 1678585, Japan.
Hidemi HirabayashiDepartment of Psychology, Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Suginami, Tokyo 1678585, Japan.
Midori KazamaDepartment of Early childhood Care, Odawara Junior college, Odawara, Kanagawa 2500045, Japan.
Li WangSchool of Psychological and Cognitive Science & Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Sheryl L OlsonDepartment of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Daniel KesslerDepartment of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Twila TardifDepartment of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Electronic address: twila@umich.edu.

Funding

Emotional Competence, Poverty, and Mental HealthK01MH066139 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI MILLER, ALISON L · 2003 to 2007
$632k
NIMH NIH HHS K01 MH066139
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

There are strong cultural norms for how emotions are expressed, yet little is known about cultural variations in preschoolers' outward displays and regulation of disappointment. Chinese, Japanese, and American preschoolers' (N = 150) displays of emotion to an undesired gift were coded across both social and nonsocial contexts in a "disappointing gift" paradigm. Generalized estimating equations revealed that, regardless of culture, when children received a disappointing gift, they showed more positive expressions of emotion ("fake smile") in social contexts (in the presence of unfamiliar and familiar examiners) relative to when they were alone, suggesting that preschool-aged children are able to mask their disappointment with positive displays. However, children's emotion expressions varied across both cultures and contexts. American children were more positively and negatively expressive than Japanese children and were more negatively expressive than Chinese children. Chinese and Japanese preschoolers verbally reported more negative emotions but showed more neutral expressions than American preschoolers when receiving the disappointing gift. In addition, across different contexts of the task, there were subtle differences in how Chinese and Japanese children regulated their emotional expressions, with Chinese children showing similar levels of neutral expressions (e.g., "poker face") across different contexts in the task. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of understanding cultural meanings and practices underlying emotion development during early childhood.

Indexed as

AffectCross-Cultural ComparisonEmotional RegulationFacial ExpressionChild, PreschoolChinaCognitionFemaleHumansJapanMaleUnited StatesCultureEmotion expressionEmotion regulationPreschoolers

Identifiers

PMID32919326
PMCPMC7583664

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.