ReviewNeuroscience and biobehavioral reviews2020
Delineating implicit and explicit processes in neurofeedback learning.
Review in Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of EEG Neurofeedback Training on Sport Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2025Pooled it
- Frontostriatal circuitry as a target for fMRI-based neurofeedback interventions: A systematic review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Exploring electroencephalographic infraslow neurofeedback treatment for chronic low back pain: a double-blinded safety and feasibility randomized placebo-controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Bidirectional EEG Neurofeedback of Sensorimotor Beta Oscillations Reveals Asymmetric Modulation and Strategy-Dependent Learning.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Neurofeedback, Biofeedback, and Basic Learning Theory: Revisiting the 2011 Conceptual Framework.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2026Review
- Spontaneous Modulation of Alpha Power During a Neurofeedback Session Without Instructions.Psychophysiology · 2026Article
- The theta paradox-delayed reduction of frontal midline theta following downregulation neurofeedback training.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Spontaneous Modulation of Standard EEG Frequency Bands During a Neurofeedback-Like Task.Psychophysiology · 2025Article
- Relieving Chronic Neuropathic Pain With EEG-Neurofeedback.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Online self-evaluation of fMRI-based neurofeedback performance.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Mechanisms of brain self-regulation: psychological factors, mechanistic models and neural substrates.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Review
- Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training of Selective Attention in Older Adults.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based neurofeedback training targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex induces changes in cortico-striatal functional connectivity.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Unconscious Manipulation of Conceptual Representations with Decoded Neurofeedback Impacts Search Behavior.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Integrated use of biofeedback and neurofeedback techniques in treating pathological conditions and improving performance: a narrative review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Simulated operant reflex conditioning environment reveals effects of feedback parameters.PloS one · 2024Article
- Neurofeedback strategies in binge-eating disorder as predictors of EEG-neurofeedback regulation success.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Article
- Performance comparison of systemic activity correction in functional near-infrared spectroscopy for methods with and without short distance channels.Neurophotonics · 2023Article
- The effect of explicit and implicit online self-compassion interventions on sleep quality among Chinese adults: A longitudinal and diary study.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neurofeedback allows humans to self-regulate neural activity in specific brain regions and is considered a promising tool for psychiatric interventions. Recently, methods have been developed to use neurofeedback implicitly, prompting a theoretical debate on the role of awareness in neurofeedback learning. We offer a critical review of the role of awareness in neurofeedback learning, with a special focus on recently developed neurofeedback paradigms. We detail differences in instructions and propose a fine-grained categorization of tasks based on the degree of involvement of explicit and implicit processes. Finally, we review the methods used to measure awareness in neurofeedback and propose new candidate measures. We conclude that explicit processes cannot be eschewed in most current implicit tasks that have explicit goals, and suggest ways in which awareness could be better measured in the future. Investigating awareness during learning will help understand the learning mechanisms underlying neurofeedback learning and will help shape future tasks.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.