ReviewPediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)2021
Urine collection methods and dipstick testing in non-toilet-trained children.
Review in Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Urination Stimulation Techniques for Collecting Clean Urine Samples in Infants Under One Year: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Pooled it
- Practice variation in urine collection methods among pre-toilet trained children with suspected urinary tract infection: a systematic review.BMC pediatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for management of urinary tract infection and primary vesicoureteric reflux.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Guideline
- What is the best way to collect urine from neonates? Comparison of the success rate and volume using different methods in a repeated measures design.BMC research notes · 2026Article
- Clinical relevance of urine cultures in low-risk febrile infants under 3 months of age with negative urine dipsticks.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Observational
- Can the Bladder Stimulation Technique Solve the Urine Collection Chaos in the Pediatric Emergency Department? A Prospective Comparison with the Traditional Bag Method.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Renal ultrasound after first febrile urinary tract infection in hospitalized children: The ROUTINE prospective observational study protocol.Journal of hospital medicine · 2026Article
- A novel urine collection device for accurate urinary measurements in neonates and pre-continent infants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Frequency and short-term persistence of haematuria and/or proteinuria in neonates: a cohort study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Predictive value of dipstick urinalysis for detecting pyelonephritis in children aged 0-12 months.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Point-of-care ultrasonography for suprapubic bladder aspiration in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Arab journal of urology · 2026Article
- Usefulness of Enhanced Urine Analysis in Febrile Urinary Tract Infection.Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences · 2025Article
- Bioinformatic strategies in metagenomics of chronic prostatitis.World journal of urology · 2025Article
- Transforming meat waste into sustainable corneal keratoplasty models.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Influence of meteorological and environmental factors on pediatric urinary tract infections: insights from a 6-year retrospective study in Central China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Urinary Tract Infection in Children: An Up-To-Date Study.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Comparison of clean catch and bag urine using LC-MS/MS proteomics in infants.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Article
- Temporal changes in incidence of hospital-diagnosed acute pyelonephritis: A 19-year population-based Danish cohort study.IJID regions · 2023Article
- Antibiotic Use for Common Infections in Pediatric Emergency Departments: A Narrative Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Urine collection methods for infants under 3 months of age in clinical practice.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2021Observational
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Urinary tract infection is a commonly occurring paediatric infection associated with significant morbidity. Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms are non-specific and definitive diagnosis requires an uncontaminated urine sample to be obtained. Common techniques for sampling in non-toilet-trained children include clean catch, bag, pad, in-out catheterisation and suprapubic aspiration. The pros and cons of each method are examined in detail in this review. They differ significantly in frequency of use, contamination rates and acceptability to parents and clinicians. National guidance of which to use differs significantly internationally. No method is clearly superior. For non-invasive testing, clean catch sampling has a lower likelihood of contamination and can be made more efficient through stimulation of voiding in younger children. In invasive testing, suprapubic aspiration gives a lower likelihood of contamination, a high success rate and a low complication rate, but is considered painful and is not preferred by parents. Urine dipstick testing is validated for ruling in or out UTI provided that leucocyte esterase (LE) and nitrite testing are used in combination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.