ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2021
Early life microbial exposures and allergy risks: opportunities for prevention.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 141 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
141 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 245 citations in OpenAlex.
- Probiotic supplementation is associated with higher faecal secretory IgA (sIgA) in healthy full-term infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Pediatric research · 2026Pooled it
- Prenatal maternal antibiotic use increases the risk of childhood eczema: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- Roles of the gut microbiome in weight management.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Pooled it
- The enteric DNA virome differs in infants at risk for atopic disease.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Microbial transmission and ecology of human and environmental microbial communities in childcare centers.Research square · 2026Article
- Animal gut microbes and microbiomes in the 21st century and beyond.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- Age at First Reproduction Predicts Sex-Specific Parasite Infection Trajectories Through Adulthood.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Incidence and Early-Life Risk Factors for Food Allergy in a Spanish Birth Cohort.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Article
- Distinct epidemiological patterns of allergic disease comorbidity across elementary school grades in Taiwan.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Hematological consequences of environmental change during dewilding of rhesus macaques.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Identifying predictor factors for asthma using machine learning: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Intergenerational effects of the microbiota on neurodevelopment: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- Playgrounds as microbial interfaces: strategies to enhance soil microbiomes and support healthy childhoods.mSystems · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity in Autoimmunity: Friend, Foe, or Therapeutic Target?Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Early-life colonization by aromatic-lactate-producing bifidobacteria lowers the risk of allergic sensitization.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Fasciola hepatica-Derived Proteins Shield the Heart From Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in Rats by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Imbalance: Insights Relevant to the Hygiene Hypothesis.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2026Article
- Hidden connection: Impact of the gut microbiota on respiratory diseases in children (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- Umbilical Cord Blood Biomarkers for Early Risk Stratification of Childhood Asthma and Atopic Dermatitis: A Developmental and Critical Appraisal.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2026Review
- Pathogenesis of various pulmonary diseases by tuning immune response: insight from host-microbial crosstalk.Current research in microbial sciences · 2026Review
- Integrative metagenomic and metabolomic analysis reveals a gut microbiota-metabolite-immune axis in pediatric allergic rhinitis with functional constipation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
81 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Allergies, including asthma, food allergy and atopic dermatitis, are increasing in prevalence, particularly in westernized countries. Although a detailed mechanistic explanation for this increase is lacking, recent evidence indicates that, in addition to genetic predisposition, lifestyle changes owing to modernization have an important role. Such changes include increased rates of birth by caesarean delivery, increased early use of antibiotics, a westernized diet and the associated development of obesity, and changes in indoor and outdoor lifestyle and activity patterns. Most of these factors directly and indirectly impact the formation of a diverse microbiota, which includes bacterial, viral and fungal components; the microbiota has a leading role in shaping (early) immune responses. This default programme is markedly disturbed under the influence of environmental and lifestyle risk factors. Here, we review the most important allergy risk factors associated with changes in our exposure to the microbial world and the application of this knowledge to allergy prevention strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.