ArticleBMC public health2020
Prevalence of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Ebola survivors in northern Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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40 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gender differences in the prevalence of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors among adults in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Fear of COVID-19, stress and depression: A meta-analytic test of the mediating role of anxiety.Psychology and psychotherapy · 2022Pooled it
- Post-viral mental health sequelae in infected persons associated with COVID-19 and previous epidemics and pandemics: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence estimates.Journal of infection and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Psychosocial impact of Marburg virus disease on recovered individuals and frontline health workers in Rwanda: a cross-sectional survey.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Neurological Manifestations in Adult Survivors of Ebola Virus Disease.JAMA neurology · 2026Article
- Ebola Virus Disease and Pediatric Mental Health: Long-Term Mediating Effects of Caregiver Mental Health.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Suffering in silence: Stigma, healthcare barriers, and resilience during Sierra Leone's 2025 clade IIb mpox outbreak-A multi-perspective qualitative study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Long-term clinical sequelae among Sudan ebolavirus disease survivors 2 years post-infection: a matched cohort study.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Thirteen-Year Sequelae of Marburg Virus Disease Survival: Persistent Cardiometabolic, Immunometabolic, and Haematological Alterations in the Absence of Psychological Morbidity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Trauma Burden Affected People with Multiple Sclerosis During SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Examining the indirect effects of life satisfaction and perceived social support on selection optimization compensation and PTSD among the senior citizens of Ekiti state: A moderated mediation approach.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- Time Series Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans: A Literature Review and Pilot Study.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Article
- Psychological distress and coping mechanisms due to the COVID-19 pandemic among the adult population in Bo Sierra Leone. A cross-sectional study.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- Understanding Ethical Concerns Involving Vulnerable Human Participant Populations in Medical Research: Mixed-Method Analysis of Liberian Ebola Survivors' Experiences in PREVAIL I-VII.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The state of mental health among Ebola virus disease survivors through a cross-sectional study in Sierra Leone.BMJ global health · 2024Article
- Long-term physical and mental health outcomes of Ebola Virus Disease survivors in Kenema District, Sierra Leone: A cross-sectional survey.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Stigma among ebola disease survivors in Mubende and Kassanda districts, Central Uganda, 2022.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Prevalence and determinants of anxiety, depression and comorbid anxiety-depression symptoms among adolescents in Ebola-affected zones.BJPsych open · 2023Article
- Recent Developments in Protein Lactylation in PTSD and CVD: Novel Strategies and Targets.Biotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is limited data available on the long-term mental health impact of Ebola virus disease (EVD) on survivors despite the disease experience of survivors meeting the criteria of a traumatic event as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version IV (DSM IV). This study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictive factors of anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among EVD survivors, approximately 2 years after discharge from the Ebola treatment centre (ETC).
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study between May and August 2017 among 197 adults Ebola survivors in Bombali district, Northern Sierra Leone. We collected information about demographics, mental health status and possible predictive factors. The HAD scale was used to measure anxiety and depression. PTSD was measured using the PTSD-checklist (PCL). Chi-square test or Fisher exact two-tailed tests were used to test for associations and the multiple logistic regressions model to determine factors that were independently associated with the outcome variables.
resultsThe mean anxiety, depression and PTSD scores were (5.0 ± 3.9), (7.1 ± 3.8) and (39.5 ± 6.4) respectively. Based on cut-off scores, the prevalence of anxiety (HADs score ≥ 8), depression (HADs score ≥ 8) and PTSD (PCL ≥ 45) among Ebola survivors were (n = 49, 24.9%), (n = 93, 47.2%) and (n = 43, 21.8%) respectively. Older Ebola survivors (≥30 years) were more likely to show symptoms of depression (AOR = 8.5, 95% CI: 2.68-27.01, p = 0.001) and anxiety (AOR = 3.04; 95%CI: 1.2-7.7, p = 0.019) compared to younger ones (< 30 years). In addition, Ebola survivors who experienced a decreased level of exercise post-ETC discharge were more likely to show symptoms of depression (AOR = 2.63; 95%CI: 1.25-5.54, p = 0.011) and anxiety (AOR = 3.60; 95%CI: 1.33-9.72, p = 0.012) compared to those whose exercise remained the same post-ETC discharge.
conclusionOur findings show that anxiety, depression and PTSD are common among the Ebola survivors in Bombali district, Northern Sierra Leone, and that underscores the need to diagnose and manage mental health morbidities among Ebola survivors long after their recovery from Ebola virus disease. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) need to be explored as part of overall mental healthcare package interventions.
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