ArticlePloS one2020
A retrospective analysis to estimate the healthcare resource utilization and cost associated with treatment-resistant depression in commercially insured US patients.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Association between sleep duration and depressive symptoms among older adults in China: a national cross-sectional study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Medical events and costs associated with metabolic bariatric surgery among adults with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective, matched cohort study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Inertia in an Insured Population with Type 2 Diabetes in the United States: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2025Article
- Trajectories of pharmacological therapies for treatment-resistant depression: a longitudinal study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Emerging Medications for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Review with Perspective on Mechanisms and Challenges.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Persistent benefit of pharmacogenomic testing on initial remission and response rates in patients with major depressive disorder.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Article
- Treatment Patterns, Acute Healthcare Resource Use, and Costs of Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression Completing Induction Phase of Esketamine in the United States.Drugs - real world outcomes · 2024Article
- An Economic Evaluation of the Relationship Between Glycemic Control and Total Healthcare Costs for Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Retrospective Cohort Study.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2024Article
- Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression without psychedelic effects: study protocol for a 4-week, double-blind, proof-of-concept randomised controlled trial.BJPsych open · 2023Article
- Comorbidity and healthcare utilization in patients with treatment resistant depression: A large-scale retrospective cohort analysis using electronic health records.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Article
- Healthcare utilization, costs, and productivity losses in treatment-resistant depression in Finland - a matched cohort study.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- Review
- Immediate Modulation of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Healthcare Resource Consumption and Related Costs of Patients Estimated with Treatment-Resistant Depression in Italy.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe economic burden of commercially insured patients in the United States with treatment-resistant depression and patients with non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder was compared using data from the Optum Clinformatics™ claims database.
methodsPatients 18-63 years on antidepressant treatment between 1/1/13 and 9/30/13, who had no treatment claims for depression 6 months before the index date (first antidepressant dispensing), and who had a major depressive disorder or depression diagnosis within 30 days of the index date, were included. Treatment-resistant depression was defined as receiving 3 antidepressant regimens during 1 major depressive disorder episode. Patients with treatment-resistant depression were matched with patients with non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder at a 1:4 ratio using propensity score matching. The study consisted of 1-year baseline (pre-index) and 2-year follow-up (post index) periods. Cost outcomes were compared using a generalized linear model.
results2,370 treatment-resistant depression and 9,289 non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder patients were included. In year 1 of the follow-up period, compared with non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, patients with treatment-resistant depression had: more emergency department visits (odds ratio = 1.39, 95% confidence interval = 1.24-1.56); more inpatient hospitalizations (odds ratio = 1.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.46-2.05); longer hospital stays (mean difference vs non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder = 2.86, 95% confidence interval = 0.86-4.86 days); and more total healthcare costs (mean difference vs non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder = US$3,846, 95% confidence interval = $2,855-$4,928). These patterns remained consistent in year 2 of the follow-up period.
conclusionTreatment-resistant depression was associated with higher healthcare resource utilization and costs versus non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder in this commercially insured cohort of patients in the United States.
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