ReviewWorld journal of urology2021
Combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy in urothelial bladder cancer: harnessing the full potential of the anti-tumor immune response.
Review in World journal of urology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical indications and implications of metastasis-directed therapy and primary-site treatment in metastatic urothelial carcinoma.International journal of clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Article
- SIRT2-mediated deacetylation activates USP22 catalytic function for PD-L1 protein stabilization and tumor immune escape.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in bladder cancer: from mechanistic insights to emerging combination frontlines.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Efficacy and safety of combining radiotherapy with first-line chemotherapy and immunotherapy for local advanced/metastatic urothelial cancer: a propensity score matching analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A Review of the Latest Evidence on Prognostic Factors in Locally Advanced and Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Tetra-modality bladder preservation with avelumab for muscle-invasive urothelial cancer: a phase II trial (TRIUMPH-B01).Future oncology (London, England) · 2025Article
- Long-Term Survival After Chemoradiotherapy for Renal Pelvis Cancer.IJU case reports · 2025Article
- Advancements in bladder cancer treatment: The synergy of radiation and immunotherapy.Oncotarget · 2025Review
- Long-term outcome of radiation therapy for locoregional recurrence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma after nephroureterectomy.BMC urology · 2025Article
- Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a 2025 update.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- Cost-effectiveness of perioperative durvalumab plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer in the United States.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2025Article
- Radiotherapy can significantly improve survival outcomes in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer who are unsuitable for cystectomy or chemoradiotherapy.American journal of cancer research · 2025Article
- Planned Abscopal Effect with Concurrent Pembrolizumab and Ablative Radiotherapy to Pulmonary Metastasis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2024Review
- Stereotactic body radiation therapy is beneficial for a subgroup of patients with urothelial cancer and solitary metastatic disease: a single institution real-world experience.Radiation oncology (London, England) · 2024Article
- A narrative review of management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer perioperative period: will continuous and combined treatment be the new trend?Translational andrology and urology · 2024Review
- Radiotherapy in metastatic bladder cancer.World journal of urology · 2024Review
- Concomitant Immunotherapy and Metastasis-Directed Radiotherapy in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Biomarker-Driven, Original, Case-Based Proof-of-Concept Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Review
- Clinical plasma cells-related genes to aid therapy in colon cancer.BMC genomics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeRadiotherapy (RT), as part of trimodal therapy, is an attractive alternative treatment in patients with urothelial muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). There is accumulating evidence suggesting the immunomodulatory effects of RT and its potential synergy when combined with immunotherapy. The aim of this review was to report on the most recent advances on this combination, including the mechanisms of RT immunomodulation, practical approach to combining RT and immunotherapy, and ongoing clinical trials in bladder cancer.
methodsUsing the PubMed database, we identified articles published between March 2004 and April 2020 on the combination of RT with immunotherapy in localized or metastatic MIBC. A search of the Clinicaltrials.gov and Clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ retrieved ongoing clinical trials on the topic as well.
resultsCombination of RT with immunotherapy leads to immunogenic cell death and an increase in immune markers thus leading to improved tumor control. For localized MIBC, there are safety concerns related to the use of concurrent immunotherapy with hypofractionated RT, thus neoadjuvant or adjuvant immunotherapy is preferred. In the metastatic setting, the combination of multi-site RT with SBRT-like doses (≥ 6 Gy per fraction) and concurrent immunotherapy seems most efficacious at harnessing the abscopal effect. At least 25 clinical trials combining immunotherapy and RT in MIBC are currently ongoing and will answer pending questions on safety, efficacy, and practical considerations on RT scheduling, fractionation, and targets volumes.
conclusionRT has the potential to synergize with immunotherapy to improve oncological outcomes in patient with localized or metastatic MIBC. Clinical trials results are eagerly awaited.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.