ReviewCell communication and signaling : CCS2020
A code within the genetic code: codon usage regulates co-translational protein folding.
Review in Cell communication and signaling : CCS, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 135 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
135 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 261 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fitness costs of mobilised colistin resistance gene 3 (mcr-3): systematic review, epidemiological study, and functional analysis.EBioMedicine · 2025Pooled it
- VeloHARMO: a deep learning framework for mRNA coding sequence generation and design via translation velocity harmonization.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Heterologous expression of NRPS and PKS pathways in Escherichia coli: from bottlenecks to biosynthetic platforms.Essays in biochemistry · 2026Review
- Regulatory and metabolic control of microbial biosynthetic gene clusters.Communications biology · 2026Review
- Recombinant Production and Immunological Evaluation of Tobamovirus fructirugosum (ToBRFV) Capsid and Movement Proteins.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Article
- A transfer RNA inosine modification drives genome-wide synonymous recoding across human commensal bacterial families.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Sequence decoding and analysis of the first reference mitogenome of globally threatened clown-knife fish, Chitala chitala: witness of codon usage bias and intense purifying selection.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Discovery of a novel envelope protein derived from simian retrovirus 2 for pseudotyping retroviral vectors used for production of CAR immune cells.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Comparative mitochondrial genome analyses of five medicinal mushroom Sanghuangporus provide insights into conservation, variation, and phylogenetic relationships.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Article
- Evolution and Functional Implications of Codon Usage Bias in Eukaryotes.Journal of molecular evolution · 2026Review
- Challenges, optimization, and delivery strategies in the heterologous expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase: therapeutic applications for acetaldehyde detoxification.Biotechnology letters · 2026Review
- Mapping the inter- and intra-genic codon-usage landscape inNAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Temporal and gene-specific dynamics of codon usage evolution in SARS-CoV-2 genomes.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Advancing codon language modeling with synonymous codon constrained masking.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- The SynMall resource for characterizing the functional impact of synonymous variation.Genome research · 2026Article
- Codon usage optimization contributes to evolutionary dynamics of TetM following its acquisition via interspecies and intergeneric recombination events in recipient bacteria.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Availability of Charged tRNAs Drives Maximal Protein Synthesis at Intermediate Levels of Codon Usage Bias.Bulletin of mathematical biology · 2026Article
75 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The genetic code is degenerate, and most amino acids are encoded by two to six synonymous codons. Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is a universal feature of all genomes examined. Synonymous codon mutations were previously thought to be silent; however, a growing body evidence now shows that codon usage regulates protein structure and gene expression through effects on co-translational protein folding, translation efficiency and accuracy, mRNA stability, and transcription. Codon usage regulates the speed of translation elongation, resulting in non-uniform ribosome decoding rates on mRNAs during translation that is adapted to co-translational protein folding process. Biochemical and genetic evidence demonstrate that codon usage plays an important role in regulating protein folding and function in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Certain protein structural types are more sensitive than others to the effects of codon usage on protein folding, and predicted intrinsically disordered domains are more prone to misfolding caused by codon usage changes than other domain types. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that gene codon usage correlates with different protein structures in diverse organisms, indicating the existence of a codon usage code for co-translational protein folding. This review focuses on recent literature on the role and mechanism of codon usage in regulating translation kinetics and co-translational protein folding. Video abstract.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.