ReviewCureus2020
Role of Smoking in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review Article.
Review in Cureus, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- A glial oxidative signature predicts disability in primary progressive multiple sclerosis and is associated with long-term cognitive decline.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Epigenetic and Mitochondrial Metabolic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of Herbal Drug Approaches and Current Clinical Trials.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Multiple sclerosis in Denmark (1950-2023): mean age, sex distribution, incidence and prevalence.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025Article
- The Potential of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Improving Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Review and Discussion of Mechanisms of Action.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Microbiota modulation by teriflunomide therapy in people with multiple sclerosis: An observational case-control study.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2024Observational
- Lifetime exposure to smoking and substance abuse may be associated with late-onset multiple sclerosis: a population-based case-control study.BMC neurology · 2024Article
- An extensible and unifying approach to retrospective clinical data modeling: the BrainTeaser Ontology.Journal of biomedical semantics · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- The Probable Infectious Origin of Multiple Sclerosis.NeuroSci · 2023Review
- Cellular and Molecular Evidence of Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis and Treatment Challenges.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Targeting Neuroinflammation to Alleviate Chronic Olfactory Dysfunction in Long COVID: A Role for Investigating Disease-Modifying Therapy (DMT)?Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Interaction of the viral infectious agents in the development and exacerbation of the multiple sclerosis.Le infezioni in medicina · 2023Review
- Article
- Unleashing nature's potential and limitations: Exploring molecular targeted pathways and safe alternatives for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (Review).Medicine internationalReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex and unpredictable neurological condition. It is the most commonly seen autoimmune disorder. The incidence of disease and its prevalence are growing worldwide. Early identification of the disease and accurate diagnosis is important to prevent further complications and disability. The etiology remains unclear, and it is believed that complex gene-environment interactions play an essential role. Genetic predisposition only describes a portion of the disease risk, whereas lifestyle and environmental factors are significant contributors. Smoking was identified as an important risk factor for MS. The main objectives of this review were to examine the underlying mechanisms of immune dysregulation in the development of MS, explore the association between smoking and MS, and identify other genetic and environmental factors that alter the risk of developing the disease. We searched PubMed for articles relevant to the study topic published between 2000 and 2020 using the search terms "multiple sclerosis," "cigarette smoking," "risk factors," and, "epigenetics." Studies reveal a marked association between smoking and the risk of MS. Unlike genetic risk factors, many lifestyles and environmental factors can be adjusted, with potential for prevention, particularly for people at the highest risk, such as families of individuals with MS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.