ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2020
A Primary Physiological Role of Toxin/Antitoxin Systems Is Phage Inhibition.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- The 3D genome of Gigaspora margarita unveils stable chromatin and nucleolar organization and symbiont-dependent genome dynamics.The New phytologist · 2026Article
- Phosphorylation of PfiA modulates Pf4 phage production through PfiA/PfiT stoichiometric reconfiguration inScience advances · 2026Article
- Re-evaluating the role ofmicroPublication biology · 2026Article
- Insights into toxin-antitoxin systems in the genusApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Review
- Adsorption of phage T2 is inhibited due to inversion of cryptic prophage DNA by the serine recombinase PinQ.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Toxin-antitoxins and sigma factors may optimize the fitness of free-living bacteria throughout the life cycle via an integrated nutrient-responsive cybernetic system.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Review
- A bacterial toxin-antitoxin system as a native defence element against RNA phages.Biology letters · 2025Article
- The VapBC-4 Characterization Indicates It Is a Bona Fide Toxin-Antitoxin Module ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Article
- From Dormancy to Eradication: Strategies for Controlling Bacterial Persisters in Food Settings.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model bacterium in antiphage defense research.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Temporal transcriptomics uncover dynamic interactions between pathogenicFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Deciphering the proteome ofComputational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Overview of Phage Defense Systems in Bacteria and Their Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Conformational change as a mechanism for toxin activation in bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems.Journal of virology · 2024Review
- The HicAB System: Characteristics and Biological Roles of an Underappreciated Toxin-Antitoxin System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Extensive Genomic Rearrangement of Catalase-Less Cyanobloom-Forming Microcystis aeruginosa in Freshwater Ecosystems.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Review
- Deciphering the role of VapBC13 and VapBC26 toxin antitoxin systems in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Inducible auto-phosphorylation regulates a widespread family of nucleotidyltransferase toxins.Nature communications · 2024Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems are present in most prokaryote genomes. Toxins are almost exclusively proteins that reduce metabolism (but do not cause cell death), and antitoxins are either RNA or proteins that counteract the toxin or the RNA that encodes it. Although TA systems clearly stabilize mobile genetic elements, after four decades of research, the physiological roles of chromosomal TA systems are less clear. For example, recent reports have challenged the notion of TA systems as stress-response elements, including a role in creating the dormant state known as persistence. Here, we present evidence that a primary physiological role of chromosomally encoded TA systems is phage inhibition, a role that is also played by some plasmid-based TA systems. This includes results that show some CRISPR-Cas system elements are derived from TA systems and that some CRISPR-Cas systems mimic the host growth inhibition invoked by TA systems to inhibit phage propagation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.