ArticlePediatric diabetes2020
Antibiotic treatment during early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes in children: A national birth cohort study.
Article in Pediatric diabetes, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibiotic Exposure in Early Life and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Early-life antibiotic exposure and type 1 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Infections in the first year of life and development of beta cell autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes in high-risk individuals: the TRIGR cohort.Diabetologia · 2022Trial
- Early life antibiotic-use and risk of childhood type 1 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study utilising data linkage.Pediatric diabetes · 2026Article
- Exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy or early infancy and the risk of autoimmune disease in children: A nationwide cohort study in Korea.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- The effect of the administration form of antibiotic therapy on the gut microbiome in patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers - DFIATIM trial.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Antibiotic Use In Utero and Early Life and Risk of Chronic Childhood Conditions in New Zealand: Protocol for a Data Linkage Retrospective Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Article
- Assessment of glucocorticoid and antibiotic exposure as risk factors for diabetes mellitus in selected dog breeds attending UK primary-care clinics.The Veterinary record · 2023Article
- Antibiotic exposures and the development of pediatric autoimmune diseases: a register-based case-control study.Pediatric research · 2023Article
- Antibiotic treatment during early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes in children: A national birth cohort study.Pediatric diabetes · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/
backgroundAntibiotics are widely used during childhood infections and influence the composition of the microbiota, which is established during the first years of life. Evidence from animal models of type 1 diabetes shows that antibiotics might accelerate disease progression, and altered intestinal microbiota has been reported in association with type 1 diabetes in humans. We aimed to test the hypothesis that early exposure to antibiotics (0-24 months of age) was associated with an increased risk of childhood type 1 diabetes development.
methodsWe studied 75 615 mother-child dyads from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Information on the use of antibiotics during early childhood and type 1 diabetes development in childhood was available for all children via linkage to the Danish National Prescription Registry and the Danish National Patient Register, respectively. The mean follow-up time was 14.3 years (range 11.5 to 18.4 years, SD 1.4).
resultsAfter adjustment for confounders, we found no association between antibiotic exposure and risk of type 1 diabetes (HR 1.26, 95% CI 0.89-1.79). The number of antibiotic courses during early childhood was not associated with type 1 diabetes development when analyzing for one (HR 1.31, 95% CI 0.87-1.99), two (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.61-1.63), or 3 or more (HR 1.42, 95% CI 0.95-2.11) courses. Furthermore, no specific types of antibiotics (penicillins/beta-lactam antibacterials, sulfonamide/trimethroprim, or macrolides/lincosamides/streptogramins) were associated with increased risk of type 1 diabetes.
conclusionOur nationwide cohort study suggests that postnatal exposure to antibiotics does not influence the development of childhood type 1 diabetes.
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