ArticleDiabetes care2020
The Association of Dietary Choline and Betaine With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
Article in Diabetes care, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary Choline and Betaine Are Not Associated With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Pooled it
- One-year longitudinal association between changes in dietary choline or betaine intake and cardiometabolic variables in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea-Plus (PREDIMED-Plus) trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Choline status and related health outcomes in humans: A scoping review.Nutrition and health · 2026Article
- Metabolomic Insights on Obesity and Diabetes from Feeding Diets Varying in Carbohydrate-Fat Ratios in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) and Lean Zucker (ZInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Distinct Gut Microbiota Signatures Characterize Glucoregulatory Effects of Prenatal Choline and Betaine in Wistar Rat Offspring.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Lifespan-Extending Endogenous Metabolites.Aging cell · 2026Review
- Exercise-mimicking effects of betaine in chronic disease prevention and management.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Association of Betaine, Choline, and TMAO with Type 2 Diabetes in Rural China: A Nested Case-Control Study from the Handan Eye Study (HES).Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025Article
- Choline Metabolites and 15-Year Risk of Incident Diabetes in a Prospective Cohort of Adults: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.Diabetes care · 2024Article
- Choline and betaine intakes during pregnancy in relation to risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among Chinese women.The British journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Alterations in Choline Metabolism in Non-Obese Individuals with Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Metabolites · 2024Article
- Combined effects of blood pressure and glucose status on the risk of chronic kidney disease.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- One-Carbon Metabolism Nutrients, Genetic Variation, and Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2024Review
- Comparative study ofScientific reports · 2024Article
- The interactive relationship of dietary choline and betaine with physical activity on circulating creatine kinase (CK), metabolic and glycemic markers, and anthropometric characteristics in physically active young individuals.BMC endocrine disorders · 2023Article
- Dietary choline and betaine intake, cardio-metabolic risk factors and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese adults.BMC endocrine disorders · 2023Article
- Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Related Metabolites in the Serum and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Chinese Population: A Case-Control Study.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2023Article
- Interactions of CDKAL1 rs7747752 polymorphism and serum levels of L-carnitine and choline are related to increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.Genes & nutrition · 2022Article
- The Role of Betaine in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: a Narrative Review.Current nutrition reports · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the association between dietary intake of choline and betaine and the risk of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsAmong 13,440 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants, the prospective longitudinal association between dietary choline and betaine intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes was assessed using interval-censored Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models adjusted for baseline potential confounding variables.
resultsAmong 13,440 participants (55% women, mean age 54 [SD 7.4] years), 1,396 developed incident type 2 diabetes during median follow-up of 9 years from 1987 to 1998. There was no statistically significant association between every 1-SD increase in dietary choline and risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 1.01 [95% CI 0.87, 1.16]) nor between dietary betaine intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes (HR 1.01 [0.94, 1.10]). Those in the highest quartile of dietary choline intake did not have a statistically significant higher risk of type 2 diabetes than those in the lowest choline quartile (HR 1.09 [0.84, 1.42]); similarly, dietary betaine intake was not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes comparing the highest quartile to the lowest (HR 1.06 [0.87, 1.29]). Among women, there was a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, comparing the highest to lowest dietary choline quartile (HR 1.54 [1.06, 2.25]), while in men, the association was null (HR 0.82 [0.57, 1.17]). Nevertheless, there was a nonsignificant interaction between high choline intake and sex on the risk of type 2 diabetes (
conclusionsOverall and among male participants, dietary choline or betaine intakes were not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Among female participants, there was a trend for a modestly higher risk of type 2 diabetes among those with the highest as compared with the lowest quartile of dietary choline intake. Our study should inform clinical trials on dietary choline and betaine supplementation in relationship with the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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