ReviewJournal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)2021
Neurobiological mechanisms associated with antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia.
Review in Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effects of Antipsychotic Dose Reduction on Movement Disorders and Cardiometabolic Indices in Patients Remitted from a First Episode of Psychosis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Identifying High-Risk Medications for Drug-Induced Dystonia: A 20-Year Retrospective Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study Based on FAERS.Health science reports · 2026Article
- [Labor inclusion and medicalization: neuroleptics as actants in the experiences of workers diagnosed with schizophrenia in Chile].Salud colectiva · 2026Article
- Factors influencing botulinum toxin response in cervical dystonia: a two-center GAS-based study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Observational
- Deutetrabenazine in Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders: VMAT2 Modulation From Choreiform Disorders to Hyperkinetic Dystonic Syndromes.Journal of central nervous system disease · 2026Review
- Article
- New pharmacological approaches in the treatment of schizophrenia.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2025Review
- Correlation of repetitive behaviors in deer mice with striatal mRNA expression of endogenous opioids and mu, delta, kappa, and dopamine receptors: A preliminary report.Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Second-generation antipsychotic-induced dystonia: Analysis using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Article
- Integrating Electronic Health Records and Polygenic Risk to Identify Genetically Unrelated Comorbidities of Schizophrenia That May Be Modifiable.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2024Article
- Putative role of immune reactions in the mechanism of tardive dyskinesia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2023Review
- Overview of Movement Disorders Secondary to Drugs.Clinics and practice · 2023Review
- Application effect of phloroglucinol injection in elderly patients with spastic abdominal pain in emergency department.World journal of clinical cases · 2023Article
- Genes of the Glutamatergic System and Tardive Dyskinesia in Patients with Schizophrenia.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Article
- Psychomotor Symptoms in Chronic Cocaine Users: An Interpretative Model.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Factors influencing the outcome of integrated therapy approach in schizophrenia: A narrative review of the literature.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
- Haloperidol-induced isolated lingual dystonia.BMJ case reports · 2021Article
- Serum BDNF's Role as a Biomarker for Motor Training in the Context of AR-Based Rehabilitation after Ischemic Stroke.Brain sciences · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dystonia is by far the most intrusive and invalidating extrapyramidal side effect of potent classical antipsychotic drugs. Antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia is classified in both acute and tardive forms. The incidence of drug-induced dystonia is associated with the affinity to inhibitory dopamine D2 receptors. Particularly acute dystonia can be treated with anticholinergic drugs, but the tardive form may also respond to such antimuscarinic treatment, which contrasts their effects in tardive dyskinesia. Combining knowledge of the pathophysiology of primary focal dystonia with the anatomical and pharmacological organization of the extrapyramidal system may shed some light on the mechanism of antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia. A suitable hypothesis is derived from the understanding that focal dystonia may be due to a faulty processing of somatosensory input, so leading to inappropriate execution of well-trained motor programmes. Neuroplastic alterations of the sensitivity of extrapyramidal medium-sized spiny projection neurons to stimulation, which are induced by the training of specific complex movements, lead to the sophisticated execution of these motor plans. The sudden and non-selective disinhibition of indirect pathway medium-sized spiny projection neurons by blocking dopamine D2 receptors may distort this process. Shutting down the widespread influence of tonically active giant cholinergic interneurons on all medium-sized spiny projection neurons by blocking muscarinic receptors may result in a reduction of the influence of extrapyramidal cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical regulation. Furthermore, striatal cholinergic interneurons have an important role to play in integrating cerebellar input with the output of cerebral cortex, and are also targeted by dopaminergic nigrostriatal fibres affecting dopamine D2 receptors.
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