ReviewToxins2020
Targeting Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems as Antibacterial Strategies.
Review in Toxins, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Biological Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance in New and Old Bacterial Pathogens.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial Peptides Based on the TisB Toxin: Toward Enhanced Activity and Synergy with Antibiotics.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Bacterial Persister Cells as Evolutionary Catalysts of Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Strategies.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- MqsR Toxin may be a Potential Anti-biofilm and Anti-persistence Target in Burkholderia cenocenocepacia.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Inhibition of Targeted Bacterial Growth Using MazF-Expressing Phagemids: A Novel Therapeutic Approach Based on Endoribonuclease Toxin Molecules.Microbiology and immunology · 2026Article
- Beyond bactericidal: targeting plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance with natural product-based plasmid curing agents.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- The toxin from the PemIK-Sa1 toxin-antitoxin system decreasesFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Comparative in silico analysis of vapBC3 toxin-antitoxin system in Mycobacterium Bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Protein-Protein Interactions as Promising Molecular Targets for Novel Antimicrobials Aimed at Gram-Negative Bacteria.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The toxin-antitoxin system SavRS contributes to vancomycin resistance in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus by mediating cell wall thickening.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Gentamicin induction of the gonococcalmBio · 2025Article
- Bacterial programmed cell death and toxin-antitoxin system in bacteria.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Environment signal dependent biocontainment systems for engineered organisms: Leveraging triggered responses and combinatorial systems.Synthetic and systems biotechnology · 2025Review
- Broken beyond repair: TA system ParE toxins mediate effective gyrase inhibition without driving resistance.Journal of bacteriology · 2025Article
- Insight into the environmental cues modulating the expression of bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Beyond antibiotics: exploring multifaceted approaches to combat bacterial resistance in the modern era: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Exploring antibiotic-induced persister formation and bacterial persistence genes in clinical isolates from Burkina Faso.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Identification and characterization of a novel type II toxin-antitoxin system in Aeromonas veronii.Archives of microbiology · 2024Article
- Contribution of Toxin-Antitoxin Systems to Adherent-InvasiveMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The identification of novel targets for antimicrobial agents is crucial for combating infectious diseases caused by evolving bacterial pathogens. Components of bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have been recognized as promising therapeutic targets. These widespread genetic modules are usually composed of two genes that encode a toxic protein targeting an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that counteracts the activity of the toxin. Uncontrolled toxin expression may elicit a bactericidal effect, so they may be considered "intracellular molecular bombs" that can lead to elimination of their host cells. Based on the molecular nature of antitoxins and their mode of interaction with toxins, TA systems have been classified into six groups. The most prevalent are type II TA systems. Due to their ubiquity among clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria and the essential processes targeted, they are promising candidates for the development of novel antimicrobial strategies. In this review, we describe the distribution of type II TA systems in clinically relevant human pathogens, examine how these systems could be developed as the targets for novel antibacterials, and discuss possible undesirable effects of such therapeutic intervention, such as the induction of persister cells, biofilm formation and toxicity to eukaryotic cells.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.