SynthesisTravel medicine and infectious disease
Fractional dose of intradermal compared to intramuscular and subcutaneous vaccination - A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Travel medicine and infectious disease. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of accelerated regimens of fractional intradermal COVID-19 vaccinations.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Advancing intradermal vaccine delivery: Focus on hollow microneedles and skin models.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Working towards a single-dose vaccine for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.Future virology · 2026Article
- Study of the effectiveness of combined rabies-tetanus vaccine as compared to individual vaccines.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2025Article
- Safety and immunogenicity in humans of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli double mutant heat-labile toxin administered intradermally.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Coagulation and inflammatory response after intramuscular or intradermal mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: secondary analysis of a randomized trial.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2024Article
- Article
- Ultra-low volume intradermal administration of radiation-attenuated sporozoites with the glycolipid adjuvant 7DW8-5 completely protects mice against malaria.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronaries (MINOCA) following rabies postexposure prophylaxis: A case report.Clinical case reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Intradermal DNA vaccine delivery using vacuum-controlled, needle-free electroporation.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2023Article
- Detachable-dissolvable-microneedle as a potent subunit vaccine delivery device that requires no cold-chain.Vaccine: X · 2023Article
- Immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticles and its impact on the efficacy of mRNA vaccines and therapeutics.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2023Review
- Demographic Disparities in Mpox Vaccination Series Completion, by Route of Vaccine Administration - California, August 9, 2022-March 31, 2023.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2023Article
- Non-mucosal vaccination strategies to enhance mucosal immunity.Vaccine insights · 2023Article
- Establishment of isotype-switched, antigen-specific B cells in multiple mucosal tissues using non-mucosal immunization.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Review
- A novel intradermal tattoo-based injection device enhances the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVaccine supply shortages are of global concern. We hypothesise that intradermal (ID) immunisation as an alternative to standard routes might augment vaccine supply utilisation without loss of vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis searching Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases. Studies were included if: licensed, currently available vaccines were used; fractional dose of ID was compared to IM or SC immunisation; primary immunisation schedules were evaluated; immunogenicity, safety data and/or cost were reported. We calculated risk differences (RD). Studies were included in meta-analysis if: a pre-defined immune correlate of protection was assessed; WHO-recommend schedules and antigen doses were used in the control group; the same schedule was applied to both ID and control groups (PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020151725).
resultsThe primary search yielded 5,873 articles, of which 156 articles were included; covering 12 vaccines. Non-inferiority of immunogenicity with 20-60% of antigen used with ID vaccines was demonstrated for influenza (H1N1: RD -0·01; 95% CI -0·02, 0·01; I
conclusionsThere is potential for inoculum/antigen dose-reduction by using ID immunisation as compared to standard routes of administration for some vaccines (e.g. influenza, rabies). When suitable, vaccine trials should include an ID arm.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.