Trial reportAnesthesiology2020
Dissociative and Analgesic Properties of Ketamine Are Independent.
Trial report in Anesthesiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacological sedation strategies for therapeutic gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Electroencephalography Correlation of Ketamine-induced Clinical Excitatory Movements: A Systematic Review.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Ketamine reduces the neural distinction between self- and other-produced affective touch: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Ketamine Across the Dose-State Continuum: EEG Signatures, Network Dynamics, and Implications for Brain-State Monitoring in Anesthesia and Critical Care.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Ketamine-induced analgesia and dissociation show distinct behavioral and neural correlates.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- The impact of ketamine on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in trauma-exposed populations: a narrative review.Journal of trauma and injury · 2026Article
- Esketamine Nasal Spray: Mechanism of Action, Clinical, and Translational Science.Clinical and translational science · 2026Review
- Sedation and analgesia strategies in the neuro intensive care unit.World journal of critical care medicine · 2025Review
- The Induction of Dissociative States: A Meta-Analysis.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Ketamine in clinical practice: transitioning from anesthetic agent to psychiatric therapeutic.CNS spectrums · 2025Review
- Characterization of the temporal profile of the antinociceptive effects of an intravenous bolus of ketamine using the analgesia nociception index in no-anesthetized adult patients.Journal of clinical monitoring and computing · 2025Article
- The Postoperative Lidocaine and Ketamine Effects on Morphine Requirement in Bariatric Surgery.Obesity surgery · 2025Article
- Article
- A Comparative Evaluation of Midazolam, Ketamine and Their Combination as Sedative Agents in Pediatric Dentistry: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Frontiers in dentistry · 2025Review
- Characterizing brain dynamics during ketamine-induced dissociation and subsequent interactions with propofol using human intracranial neurophysiology.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Pedunculopontine-induced cortical decoupling as the neurophysiological locus of dissociation.Psychological review · 2023Article
- Recent advances in the study of anesthesia-and analgesia-related mechanisms of S-ketamine.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Esketamine opioid-free intravenous anesthesia versus opioid intravenous anesthesia in spontaneous ventilation video-assisted thoracic surgery: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Ketamine Analgesia and Psychedelia: Can We Dissociate Dissociation?Anesthesiology · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundKetamine is a dissociative anesthetic with analgesic properties. Ketamine's analgesic properties have been suggested to result from its dissociative properties. To the authors' knowledge, this postulate is unsubstantiated. The authors hypothesize that the dissociative and analgesic properties of ketamine are independent.
methodsThe authors conducted a single-site, open-label study of ketamine anesthesia (2 mg/kg) in 15 healthy subjects. Midazolam was administered at a prespecified time point to attenuate dissociation. The authors longitudinally assessed precalibrated cuff pain intensity and quality using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System questionnaires, and dissociation, using the Clinician Administered Dissociative States Scale. Mixed effects models were used to assess whether dissociation accounted for the effect of ketamine on pain intensity and quality.
resultsThe dissociation model demonstrated an inverted U-shaped quadratic relationship between time and dissociation scores. Additive to this effect, midazolam reduced the dissociation adjusted means by 10.3 points (95% CI, 3.4 to 17.1; P = 0.005). The pain intensity model also demonstrated a U-shaped quadratic relationship between time and pain intensity. When the pain intensity model was reanalyzed with dissociation scores as an additional covariate, the dissociation term was not retained in the model, and the other effects were preserved in direction and strength. This result was conserved for nociceptive and neuropathic pain quality.
conclusionsKetamine's analgesic properties are not exclusively caused by dissociation. Thus, ketamine may be used as a probe to advance our knowledge of dissociation independent neural circuits that encode pain. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE:
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.