ReviewEndocrine reviews2021
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin Action.
Review in Endocrine reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 414 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Glycemic Regulation as Endometriosis Adjunct Treatment
Effect of Metformin in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes According to SLC16A11 Risk Variant Carrier Status
Who cites it
414 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 703 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of Metformin in Prevention of Glucocorticoid-Induced Hyperglycemia in Patients Without Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Interventions to prevent antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic complications in individuals with a first-episode psychosis and minimal antipsychotic exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Fasting-mimicking diets as a strategy to reprogram tumor metabolism: a systematic review.European journal of nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Hyperphagia in rare melanocortin-4 receptor pathway diseases: therapeutic options and assessing treatment response.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Pooled it
- RETRACTED: Cardiovascular and mortality outcomes of DPP-4 inhibitors vs. sulfonylureas as metformin add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025 · on this mapPooled it
- Combating Drug Resistance in Lung Cancer: Exploring the Synergistic Potential of Metformin and Cisplatin in a Novel Combination Therapy; A Systematic Review.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Metformin and Weight Changes in Non-diabetic Older People With HIV (METFORAGING): A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Trial.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Effects of Premeal Versus Postmeal Metformin Administration on Postmeal Glycemic Control in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, 8-Week Crossover Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
- Adjunctive effects of apple cider vinegar on metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome patients receiving metformin: a randomized clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Effect of metformin on insulin resistance in adults with type 1 diabetes: a 26-week randomized double-blind clinical trial.Nature communications · 2025 · on this mapTrial
- A nitroalkene derivative of salicylate, SANA, induces creatine-dependent thermogenesis and promotes weight loss.Nature metabolism · 2025Trial
- A compendium of circulating biomarkers of senescence in humans: Insights on mechanistic impact across health domains and modulation by therapeutic interventions.Ageing research reviews · 2026Review
- Dose-dependent histopathological and immunohistochemical effects of metformin in experimental osteoarthritis.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Modulation of circulating osteocalcin-expressing monocytes by glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory pilot study.Acta diabetologica · 2026Article
- Article
- Metformin Attenuates the High-Glucose Effect on MORG1 Expression in HEK293 Cells.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Cancer therapy-related cognitive impairment, part 2: from bench to bedside-and back: why candidate therapies for cancer therapy-related cognitive impairment fail to translate.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Review
- Harnessing Medicinal Plants Through Advanced Drug Delivery: A New Era in Type 2 Diabetes Management.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Metformin Suppresses Metastatic Potential and Sensitizes Ovarian Cancer Cells to Chemotherapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Metformin Modulates Ferroptosis-Related and Antioxidant Gene Expression in Brown Adipose Tissue.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
354 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Metformin is a first-line therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, due to its robust glucose-lowering effects, well-established safety profile, and relatively low cost. While metformin has been shown to have pleotropic effects on glucose metabolism, there is a general consensus that the major glucose-lowering effect in patients with type 2 diabetes is mostly mediated through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, despite decades of research, the mechanism by which metformin inhibits this process is still highly debated. A key reason for these discrepant effects is likely due to the inconsistency in dosage of metformin across studies. Widely studied mechanisms of action, such as complex I inhibition leading to AMPK activation, have only been observed in the context of supra-pharmacological (>1 mM) metformin concentrations, which do not occur in the clinical setting. Thus, these mechanisms have been challenged in recent years and new mechanisms have been proposed. Based on the observation that metformin alters cellular redox balance, a redox-dependent mechanism of action has been described by several groups. Recent studies have shown that clinically relevant (50-100 μM) concentrations of metformin inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis in a substrate-selective manner both in vitro and in vivo, supporting a redox-dependent mechanism of metformin action. Here, we review the current literature regarding metformin's cellular and molecular mechanisms of action.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.