ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2020
SARS-CoV-2 spike produced in insect cells elicits high neutralization titres in non-human primates.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expanding SARS-CoV-2 antigen targets beyond spike using a baculovirus expression system.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Nucleocapsid protein enhances spike- and RBD-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Oral Immunization with Yeast-Surface Display of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens inInfectious disease reports · 2025Article
- Looking beyond the origin of SARS-CoV-2: Significant strategic aspects during the five-year journey of COVID-19 vaccine development.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Review
- Modifying the glycosylation profile of SARS-CoV-2 spike-based subunit vaccines alters focusing of the humoral immune response in a mouse model.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Development of an Optimized Process for Functional Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Receptor-Binding Domain Protein Produced in the Baculovirus Expression Vector System.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Soluble SARS-CoV-2 RBD and human ACE2 peptidase domain produced in Drosophila S2 cells show functions evoking virus-cell interface.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2023Article
- Review
- Development of variant-proof severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, pan-sarbecovirus, and pan-β-coronavirus vaccines.Journal of medical virology · 2023Review
- Thermophilic Filamentous Fungus C1-Cell-Cloned SARS-CoV-2-Spike-RBD-Subunit-Vaccine Adjuvanted with AldydrogelVaccines · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer vaccine expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana adjuvanted with Alum elicits protective immune responses in mice.Plant biotechnology journal · 2022Article
- Characterization and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins with varied glycosylation.Vaccine · 2022Article
- Competitive cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and epithelial sodium channel by plasmin as a potential mechanism for COVID-19 infection.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2022Article
- Principles of SARS-CoV-2 glycosylation.Current opinion in structural biology · 2022Review
- Application of Baculovirus Expression Vector system (BEV) for COVID-19 diagnostics and therapeutics: a review.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2022Review
- The Occluded Epitope Residing in Spike Receptor-Binding Motif Is Essential for Cross-Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant.Current issues in molecular biology · 2022Article
- Article
- Detailed analysis of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection in macaques.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was the result of the rapid transmission of a highly pathogenic coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), for which there is no efficacious vaccine or therapeutic. Toward the development of a vaccine, here we expressed and evaluated as potential candidates four versions of the spike (S) protein using an insect cell expression system: receptor binding domain (RBD), S1 subunit, the wild-type S ectodomain (S-WT), and the prefusion trimer-stabilized form (S-2P). We showed that RBD appears as a monomer in solution, whereas S1, S-WT, and S-2P associate as homotrimers with substantial glycosylation. Cryo-electron microscopy analyses suggested that S-2P assumes an identical trimer conformation as the similarly engineered S protein expressed in 293 mammalian cells but with reduced glycosylation. Overall, the four proteins confer excellent antigenicity with convalescent COVID-19 patient sera in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), yet show distinct reactivities in immunoblotting. RBD, S-WT and S-2P, but not S1, induce high neutralization titres (>3-log) in mice after a three-round immunization regimen. The high immunogenicity of S-2P could be maintained at the lowest dose (1 μg) with the inclusion of an aluminium adjuvant. Higher doses (20 μg) of S-2P can elicit high neutralization titres in non-human primates that exceed 40-times the mean titres measured in convalescent COVID-19 subjects. Our results suggest that the prefusion trimer-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 S-protein from insect cells may offer a potential candidate strategy for the development of a recombinant COVID-19 vaccine.
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