ArticleGut2021
Inflammatory bowel diseases among first-generation and second-generation immigrants in Denmark: a population-based cohort study.
Article in Gut, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Varying patterns of risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease in the East and the West: insights from the global burden of disease study 2021.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Key Themes in the Care of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Among Immigrant Populations: A Systematic Review.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2025Pooled it
- The effect of solid food diet therapies on the induction and maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease: a systematic review.BMC gastroenterology · 2024Pooled it
- The exposome and inflammatory bowel disease: a framework for primary and primordial prevention.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Review
- The global burden of inflammatory bowel disease: from 2025 to 2045.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Article
- Inflammatory bowel disease in south Asia: a scoping review.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Article
- Sex-specific and socioeconomic disparities in the global burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 204 countries, 1990-2021: projections to 2050.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Global prevalence and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies.Gastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench · 2025Review
- Review
- Early Life and Childhood Environmental Exposures, More Than Genetic Predisposition, Influence Age of Diagnosis in a Diverse Cohort of 2952 Patients With IBD.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2024Article
- A step closer to understanding how a diet high in simple carbohydrates may cause dysbiosis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
- Association between early life exposure to agriculture, biodiversity, and green space and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Review
- Differential Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Based on Race and Immigration Status.Gastro hep advances · 2024Article
- Inflammatory bowel disease among first generation immigrants in Israel: A nationwide epi-Israeli Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Nucleus study.World journal of methodology · 2023Article
- Response to MansoorGut · 2023Article
- Article
- Effects of Probiotics on Colitis-Induced Exacerbation of Alzheimer's Disease inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveOur objective was to estimate the relative risk of IBD among first-generation and second-generation immigrants in Denmark compared with native Danes.
designUsing national registries, we established a cohort of Danish residents between 1977 and 2018. Cohort members with known country of birth were followed for Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) diagnoses. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) served as measures of relative risk and were calculated by log-linear Poisson regression, using rates among native Danes as reference, stratified by IBD risk in parental country of birth, and among first-generation immigrants by age at immigration and duration of stay in Denmark.
resultsAmong 8.7 million Danes, 4156 first-generation and 898 second-generation immigrants were diagnosed with CD or UC. Overall, comparing first-generation immigrants with native Danes, the IRR was 0.80 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.84) for CD and 0.74 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.77) for UC. The IRR of IBD increased with ≥20 years stay in Denmark. The IRR of CD increased with immigration at ≥40 years of age. Comparing second-generation immigrants with native Danes, the IRR of IBD was 0.97 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.04). There was significant interaction with sex, with higher IRR of IBD in male than in female immigrants.
conclusionRelative to native Danish men and women, IBD risk among first-generation immigrants was lower, reflected the risk in their parental country of birth and increased with ≥20 years stay in Denmark. For second-generation immigrants, relative risk of IBD was lower only among women. These complex patterns suggest the role of environmental IBD risk factors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.