ArticleAnnals of internal medicine2020
National Trends in Drug Payments for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis in the United States, 2014 to 2018 : A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Article in Annals of internal medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Achieving reimbursable PrEP is insufficient to increase and diversify the users attending community-based services.HIV medicine · 2026Article
- Trends in Oral and Injectable HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Prescriptions in the US, 2013-2023.JAMA · 2024Article
- Leveling Up PrEP: Implementation Strategies at System and Structural Levels to Expand PrEP Use in the United States.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2024Review
- Trends in Drug Spending of Oral Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation, 2014-2021.American journal of preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Out-of-pocket Expenses and Time Spent on Clinic Visits Among HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Users and Other Clinic Attendees in Eswatini.AIDS and behavior · 2023Observational
- Trends and Characteristics of #HIVPrevention Tweets Posted Between 2014 and 2019: Retrospective Infodemiology Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Article
- Associated Costs Are a Barrier to HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Access in the United States.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Decrease in Tuberculosis Cases during COVID-19 Pandemic as Reflected by Outpatient Pharmacy Data, United States, 2020.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Cost-Effectiveness of Long-Acting Injectable HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis in the United States : A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.Annals of internal medicine · 2022Article
- Financing and Delivering Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to End the HIV Epidemic.The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics · 2022Article
- Switching From Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate to Tenofovir Alafenamide for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis at a Boston Community Health Center.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Use of Statins Among Patients Taking Levothyroxine: an Observational Drug Utilization Study Across Sites.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUse of HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has increased nationwide, but the magnitude and distribution of PrEP medication costs across the health care system are unknown.
objectiveTo estimate out-of-pocket (OOP) and third-party payments using a large pharmacy database.
designRetrospective cohort study.
settingPrescriptions for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) for PrEP in the United States in the IQVIA Longitudinal Prescriptions database, which covers more than 90% of retail pharmacy prescriptions. MEASUREMENTS: Third-party, OOP, and total payments were compared by third-party payer, classified as commercial, Medicaid, Medicare, manufacturer assistance program, or other. Missing payment data were imputed using a generalized linear model to estimate overall PrEP medication payments.
resultsAnnual PrEP prescriptions increased from 73 739 to 1 100 684 during 2014 to 2018. Over that period, the average total payment for 30 TDF-FTC tablets increased from $1350 to $1638 (5.0% compound annual growth rate) and the average OOP payment increased from $54 to $94 (14.9% compound annual growth rate). Of the $1638 in total payments per 30 TDF-FTC tablets in 2018, OOP payments accounted for $94 (5.7%) and third-party payments for $1544 (94.3%). Out-of-pocket payments per 30 tablets were lower among Medicaid recipients ($3) than among those with Medicare ($80) or commercial insurance ($107). Payments for PrEP medication in the IQVIA database in 2018 totaled $2.08 billion; $1.68 billion (80.7%) originated from prescriptions for persons with commercial insurance, $200 million (9.6%) for those with Medicaid, $48 million (2.3%) for those with Medicare, and $127 million (6.1%) for those with manufacturer assistance. LIMITATION: The IQVIA database does not capture every prescription nationwide.
conclusionThird-party and OOP payments per 30 TDF-FTC tablets increased annually. The $2.08 billion in PrEP medication payments in 2018 is an underestimation of national costs. High costs to the health care system may hinder PrEP expansion. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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