ArticleThe Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association2020
COVID-19 Death Rates Are Higher in Rural Counties With Larger Shares of Blacks and Hispanics.
Article in The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 129 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Stability and Volatility in the Contextual Predictors of Working-Age Mortality in the United States.Journal of health and social behavior · 2025Article
- Association Between Ethnicity and Mortality Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19: A Mayo Clinic VIRUS Registry Cohort Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Diné traditional medicine use and wellbeing among navajo adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Efforts to Enhance Recruitment and Engagement of Caregivers from Medically Underserved Communities in a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Vaccine Promotion App.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2025Article
- Finding Community: A Thematic Analysis of Resilience During the Pandemic.Journal of Appalachian health · 2025Article
- Factors that shape COVID-19 pediatric vaccine decision-making in rural agricultural communities: A qualitative study.Vaccine · 2024Article
- The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Black and Hispanic Americans' Work Outcomes: a Scoping Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Evaluation of a massive open online course for just-in-time training of healthcare workers.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cancer Clinical Trials: Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology Experience (Alliance A152022).Journal of clinical trials · 2024Article
- Informal modes of social support among residents of the rural American West during the COVID-19 pandemic.Rural sociology · 2023Article
- Contextual Pathways Linking Cumulative Experiences of Racial Discrimination to Black American Men's COVID Vaccine Hesitancy.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Article
- Structural Factors and Racial/Ethnic Inequities in Travel Times to Acute Care Hospitals in the Rural US South, 2007-2018.The Milbank quarterly · 2023Article
- Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: Musculoskeletal Conditions and Pain.Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America · 2023Review
- Beyond Mortality: The Social and Health Impacts of COVID-19 among Older (55+) BIPOC and LGBT Respondents in a Canada-Wide Survey.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Mapping Health Disparities in 11 High-Income Nations.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among English-Speaking Pregnant Women Living in Rural Western United States.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Modification of a Conventional Deep Learning Model to Classify Simulated Breathing Patterns: A Step toward Real-Time Monitoring of Patients with Respiratory Infectious Diseases.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Association of government effectiveness, logistics performance, IT systems and income with COVID-19 mortality.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Caregivers of Black and Latino/a/x Students and School Personnel Perspectives on School-Based SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Implications for Testing and Test-to-Stay Programs in K-12 Schools.The Journal of school health · 2023Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThis study compared the average daily increase in COVID-19 mortality rates by county racial/ethnic composition (percent non-Hispanic Black and percent Hispanic) among US rural counties.
methodsCOVID-19 daily death counts for 1,976 US nonmetropolitan counties for the period March 2-July 26, 2020, were extracted from USAFacts and merged with county-level American Community Survey and Area Health Resource File data. Covariates included county percent poverty, age composition, adjacency to a metropolitan county, health care supply, and state fixed effects. Mixed-effects negative binomial regression with random intercepts to account for repeated observations within counties were used to predict differences in the average daily increase in the COVID-19 mortality rate across quartiles of percent Black and percent Hispanic.
findingsSince early March, the average daily increase in the COVID-19 mortality rate has been significantly higher in rural counties with the highest percent Black and percent Hispanic populations. Compared to counties in the bottom quartile, counties in the top quartile of percent Black have an average daily increase that is 70% higher (IRR = 1.70, CI: 1.48-1.95, P < .001), and counties in the top quartile of percent Hispanic have an average daily increase that is 50% higher (IRR = 1.50, CI: 1.33-1.69, P < .001), net of covariates.
conclusionCOVID-19 mortality risk is not distributed equally across the rural United States, and the COVID-19 race penalty is not restricted to cities. Among rural counties, the average daily increase in COVID-19 mortality rates has been significantly higher in counties with the largest shares of Black and Hispanic residents.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.