ArticleJournal of clinical laboratory analysis2021
Significance of dynamically monitoring serum estrogen and β-human chorionic gonadotropin in early pregnancy assessment.
Article in Journal of clinical laboratory analysis, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Predicting of early miscarriage based on machine learning: a retrospective cohort study in China.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- The diagnostic value and molecular mechanism of miR-199a-5p in recurrent spontaneous abortion.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2026Article
- Vascular health and exercise in females throughout the lifespan: Exploring puberty, pregnancy and menopause.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Novel Clinically Validated Machine Learning Model for Early Pregnancy Loss in Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion: Integrating Serum Autoantibodies and Ultrasonic Parameters.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Development of machine learning models for predicting early pregnancy outcomes based on β-hCG, progesterone, and estradiol.PloS one · 2026Article
- Association between urinary hCG trajectories and the risk of miscarriage in women undergoing embryo transfer: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Weekly changes in serumThe Journal of international medical research · 2025Article
- Progesterone decline threshold in predicting early pregnancy loss: a retrospective study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Estradiol trajectories and early pregnancy loss: a retrospective study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Diagnostic value of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and uterine artery Doppler indices in missed abortion.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- Expression and clinical significance of miR-141-5p as a biomarker in the serum of patients with early spontaneous abortion.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2024Article
- Identification of MARK2, CCDC71, GATA2, and KLRC3 as candidate diagnostic genes and potential therapeutic targets for repeated implantation failure with antiphospholipid syndrome by integrated bioinformatics analysis and machine learning.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Prediction of miscarriage in first trimester by serum estradiol, progesterone and β-human chorionic gonadotropin within 9 weeks of gestation.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Significance of dynamically monitoring serum estrogen and β-human chorionic gonadotropin in early pregnancy assessment.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2021Article
- Prediction performance of serum placental growth factor (PLGF) human chorionic gonadotropin β (β-hCG) and PAPP-A levels in early pregnancy for pregnancy outcomes.Pakistan journal of medical sciencesArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSpontaneous abortion occurs in 15% ~ 25% of clinical pregnancy. β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) and progesterone (P) have been widely used in early pregnancy assessment, but their clinical significances are still controversial. Estradiol (E2) has not been used as widely as β-HCG and P, and its value in predicting pregnancy outcome is unclear.
methodsIn this retrospective study, two hundred early pregnancy women were divided into two groups according to their early pregnancy outcomes: the ongoing pregnancy group and inevitable abortion group. Serum E2 and β-HCG levels and their growth rates were compared weekly.
resultsEstradiol and β-HCG of the ongoing pregnancy group were significantly higher than that of the inevitable abortion group from the 5th to 10th week of pregnancy. Taking 489.5 pg/mL in the 5th and 6th week, 590.5 pg/mL in the 7th week, and 614.5 pg/mL in the 8th week as cutoff levels of E2, the sensitivity and specificity for E2 to predict bad pregnancy outcome were 91.7% and 41.5%, 82.9% and 71.1%, 84.8% and 84.7%, 75.0% and 95.7%, respectively (P < .05). Both E2 and β-HCG increased much more rapidly in the ongoing pregnancy group. 80% of the normal pregnancy women showed continuously increasing E2 level. Meanwhile, the inevitable abortion group presented E2 variation types as slow increase or fluctuation, continuous decline, and sudden drop, which account for 54.0%, 34.0%, and 12.0%, respectively.
conclusionLow values and low growth rates of E2 and β-HCG probably indicate bad pregnancy outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.