ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2020
Evaluation of the rewarding effects of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in an intracranial self-stimulation procedure in male and female rats.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Decoding kratom: molecular mechanisms and epigenetic factors in use and dependence.Translational psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of (pre)clinical studies on the therapeutic potential and safety profile of kratom in humans.Human psychopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Mitragynine reduces methamphetamine self-administration in rats without disrupting food-maintained responding.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Effects of 7-hydroxymitragynine on serotonin, amino acid profiles, and ion homeostasis in SH-SY5Y cells.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Genotoxicity risk assessment of a 7-hydroxymitragynine-enriched Kratom preparation: An integrated in silico and in vitro approach.Toxicology reports · 2026Article
- Kratom (Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prevalence of antibiotic-resistantPublic health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Kratom Alkaloids, Cannabinoids, and Chronic Pain: Basis of Potential Utility and Role in Therapy.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2025Article
- Kratom withdrawal: Discussions and conclusions of a scientific expert forum.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2023Article
- Social, psychological, and substance use characteristics of U.S. adults who use kratom: Initial findings from an online, crowdsourced study.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Respiratory effects of oral mitragynine and oxycodone in a rodent model.Psychopharmacology · 2022Article
- The Lack of Contribution of 7-Hydroxymitragynine to the Antinociceptive Effects of Mitragynine in Mice: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2022Article
- How essential is kratom availability and use during COVID-19? Use pattern analysis based on survey and social media data.Substance abuse · 2022Article
- Understanding Kratom Use: A Guide for Healthcare Providers.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Kratom pharmacology: Clues from planarians exposed to mitragynine.Physiology & behavior · 2021Article
- Therapeutic benefit with caveats?: Analyzing social media data to understand the complexities of kratom use.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- Kratom Abuse Potential 2021: An Updated Eight Factor Analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundKratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) has been used in Southeast Asia for hundreds of years to increase energy, for relaxation, and to diminish opioid withdrawal. Kratom use has recently spread to Western countries. Kratom could potentially be used for the treatment of opioid withdrawal and pain, but more insight is needed into its abuse potential. Therefore, we investigated the rewarding properties of the primary kratom alkaloid mitragynine and its active metabolite 7-hydroxymitragynine, and morphine as a reference drug in male and female rats. These compounds have agonist activity at mu-opioid receptors.
methodsThe compounds were tested in an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure, which allows for the evaluation of the rewarding/aversive and sedative effects of drugs. Rewarding doses of drugs decrease the brain reward thresholds, and aversive drug doses have the opposite effect.
resultsMitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and morphine affected the brain reward thresholds. A high dose of 7-hydroxymitragynine (3.2 mg/kg) increased the brain reward thresholds, whereas an intermediate dose of morphine (10 mg/kg) decreased the reward thresholds. 7-Hydroxymitragynine and morphine affected the response latencies. Five mg/kg of morphine increased response latencies. 7-Hydroxymitragynine tended to increase the response latencies, but the post hoc analyses did not reveal a significant effect. There were no sex differences in the effects of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and morphine on the reward thresholds and the response latencies.
conclusionsThese initial findings indicate that mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are not rewarding in the ICSS procedure. The present results suggest that these kratom alkaloids do not have abuse potential.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.