SynthesisThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2021
Immunogenicity and persistence of trivalent measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Rubella antibody levels in the healthy Chinese population: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and persistence of trivalent measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Comparative analysis of immunogenicity of Chinese MMR and MR vaccines following primary vaccination in infants in Gansu Province.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Seroprotection Against Mumps in MMR Vaccinated Children Aged 9-12 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study.Indian pediatrics · 2026Article
- Associations of prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and childhood vaccine-induced immunity.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
- Measles vaccination status and evidence of immunity among medical students in Catalonia (Spain), 2023-2025: a cross-sectional study.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Estimates of vaccine effectiveness against measles and mumps: 14 years follow-up of a large cohort in Wales, UK.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Associations of mid-childhood per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and early childhood metals with mid-childhood antibody titers.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Whole-genome analysis of mumps virus genotype F in Shandong, China (2006-2018).Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- The immune system of preterm infants: an overview.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Comparative analysis of immunogenicity between first-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine administration and combined MMR-rotavirus vaccination.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Article
- A commentary on measles vaccine in the context of outbreaks: Viral evolution, waning immunity and public trust.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Challenging 21-day quarantine guidelines for mumps in Beijing: Data-driven recommendations for a high-coverage MMR vaccination era (2019-2024).Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Impact of vaccination timing and coverage on measles near elimination dynamics: a mathematical modelling analysis.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Epidemiology, clinical overview, and potential risk of a new pandemic of measles virus.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2025Review
- Seroprevalence of Measles-, Mumps-, and Rubella-Specific Antibodies in Future Healthcare Workers in Serbia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Deficits in Long-Term Vaccine Immunity Among Childhood Cancer Survivors Despite Revaccination Programs.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Mumps genotypes circulating in Tamilnadu: A cross-sectional study.Virusdisease · 2025Article
- Spatial-temporal pattern and drivers associated with measles resurgence from 2018 to 2023: a global perspective from 192 countries.BMJ public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite the universal use of the two-dose trivalent measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in the past two decades, outbreaks of these diseases still occur in countries with high vaccine uptake, giving rise to concerns about primary and secondary failure of MMR vaccine components. We aimed to provide seroconversion and waning rate estimates for the measles, mumps, and rubella components of MMR vaccines.
methodsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis we searched PubMed (including MEDLINE), Web of Science, and Embase for randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, or longitudinal studies reporting the immunogenicity and persistence of MMR vaccines, published in English from database inception to Dec 31, 2019. Studies were included if they investigated vaccine-induced immunity in healthy individuals who received a trivalent MMR vaccine, including different dosages and timepoints of vaccine administration. Studies featuring coadministration of MMR with other vaccines, maternal immunity to the MMR vaccine, or non-trivalent formulations of the vaccine were excluded. Pooled seroconversion and waning rates were estimated by random-effects meta-analyses. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42019116705.
findingsWe identified 3615 unique studies, 62 (1·7%) of which were eligible for analysis. Estimated overall seroconversion rates were 96·0% (95% CI 94·5-97·4; I
interpretationOur meta-analysis provides estimates of primary and secondary vaccine failure, which are essential to improve the accuracy of mathematical and statistical modelling to understand and predict the occurrence of future measles, mumps, and rubella outbreaks in countries with high vaccine uptake.
fundingEuropean Research Council.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.