ArticleNature immunology2020
Broad and strong memory CD4
Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Nature immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 882 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
882citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
29.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
882 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,364 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ascertaining the mechanistic etiology of COVID-associated glomerulonephritis: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Mortality of COVID-19 in patients with hematological malignancies versus solid tumors: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Trivalent recombinant protein vaccine induces cross-neutralization against XBB lineage and JN.1 subvariants: preclinical and phase 1 clinical trials.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Allogeneic, off-the-shelf, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells (ALVR109) for the treatment of COVID-19 in high-risk patients.Haematologica · 2023Trial
- Persistence of immune response in heterologous COVID vaccination schedules in the Com-COV2 study - A single-blind, randomised trial incorporating mRNA, viral-vector and protein-adjuvant vaccines.The Journal of infection · 2023Trial
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2-induced IgG repertoires shape T cell responses, microRNA regulation, and autoreactivity according to disease severity.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Article
- Thymic function as a central determinant of immune competence and clinical outcomes.Seminars in immunopathology · 2026Review
- Multi-antigen coronavirus vaccine induces potent and durable cross-protection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- The Dendritic Cell-based Vaccine PROTEXI leverages Antiviral CD4 T cell Memory to boost anti-tumor immune responses in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Reproducible detection of antigen-specific T cells and Tregs via standardized and automated activation-induced marker assay workflows.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Computational identification of antigen-specific T cell groups through generative epitope modeling.iScience · 2026Article
- The challenge and promise of studying human antigen-specific T cells.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Arming Inactivated Enveloped Virus Vaccines with theVaccines · 2026Review
- A protocol for computational design of mRNA vaccines with high functionality and specificity.Biology direct · 2026Article
- Comprehensive longitudinal profiling identifies differential frequency, epitope specificity, and effector function of CD8EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Whole-protein screening and multi-modal profiling of antigen-specific CD4Nature communications · 2026Article
- Compartment-specific phase compensation between pulmonary T-Cell immunity and waning systemic responses in BA.5 breakthrough infection.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Prediction of SARS-CoV-2 exposure through T cell activation profiles.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Serial vaccination expands and refines human CD4bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
822 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Update of
Authors and funding
66 authors at 14 institutions in 3 countries.
Yanchun Peng *MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Alexander J Mentzer *Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4502-2209
Guihai Liu *Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Xuan Yao *MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Zixi Yin *MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Danning Dong *Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Wanwisa Dejnirattisai *Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Timothy RostronSequencing and Flow Cytometry Facility, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Piyada SupasaNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Chang LiuChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
César López-CamachoWellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7932-2341
Jose Slon-CamposNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Yuguang ZhaoNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
David I StuartChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3426-4210
Guido C PaesenWellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Jonathan M GrimesWellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9698-0389
Alfred A AntsonYork Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
Oliver W BayfieldYork Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
Dorothy E D P HawkinsYork Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
De-Sheng KerYork Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6564-4056
Beibei WangChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Lance TurtleTropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
Krishanthi SubramaniamNIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Paul ThomsonNIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Ping ZhangNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Christina DoldOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Jeremy RatcliffNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6522-138X
Peter SimmondsNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7964-4700
Thushan de SilvaThe Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
Paul SoppSequencing and Flow Cytometry Facility, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Dannielle WellingtonMRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Ushani RajapaksaChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6457-608X
Yi-Ling ChenMRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-0638
Mariolina SalioMRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-3801
Giorgio NapolitaniMRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Wayne PaesNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0529-2765
Persephone BorrowNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3877-9780
Benedikt M KesslerChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8160-2446
Jeremy W FryProImmune, Oxford, UK.
Nikolai F SchwabeProImmune, Oxford, UK.
Malcolm G SempleNIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9700-0418
J Kenneth BaillieAnaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Shona C MooreNIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Peter J M OpenshawNational Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7220-2555
M Azim AnsariNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-8353
Susanna DunachieNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Eleanor BarnesNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0860-0831
John FraterNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Georgina KerrNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Philip GoulderNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Teresa LockettOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
Robert LevinWorthing Hospital, Worthing, UK.
Yonghong ZhangChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Ronghua JingBeijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Ling-Pei HoMRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Oxford Immunology Network Covid-19 Response T cell Consortium
ISARIC4C Investigators
Richard J CornallMRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6213-3269
Christopher P ConlonChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Paul KlenermanNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Gavin R ScreatonNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3549-4309
Juthathip MongkolsapayaChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3416-9480
Andrew McMichaelChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Julian C KnightChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Graham OggMRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Tao DongMRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. tao.dong@imm.ox.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3545-3758
University of Oxford · GBChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College · CNUniversity of Liverpool · GBCentre for Human Genetics · GBCapital Medical University · CNUniversity of York · GBOxford University Hospitals NHS Trust · GBProImmune (United Kingdom) · GBUniversity of Edinburgh · GBXinjiang Medical University · CNImperial College London · GBSiriraj Hospital · THUniversity of Sheffield · GBWorthing Hospital · GB
Funding
Nonhuman primate studies for development of a prototype HIV vaccine that induces broadly neutralizing antibodiesUM1AI144371 · NIAID · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI HAYNES, BARTON F. · 2019 to 2025
$190.4MTargeting 5' leader-encoded defective ribosomal products for HIV T cell vaccinesR01AI118549 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI SHAW, GEORGE M · 2016 to 2020
$3.6MMedical Research Council G0501068Medical Research Council G0600520Medical Research Council G1001046Medical Research Council G1100525Medical Research Council G116/150Medical Research Council MC_PC_19025Medical Research Council MC_PC_19059Medical Research Council MC_PC_20002Medical Research Council MC_U137881017Medical Research Council MC_UU_00008/11Medical Research Council MC_UU_00008/5Medical Research Council MC_UU_00008/6Medical Research Council MC_UU_12010/5Medical Research Council MR/L018942/1Medical Research Council MR/N00065X/1Medical Research Council MR/S032304/1Medical Research Council MR/V001329/1NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI118549NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI144371Wellcome Trust 095541Wellcome Trust 109965/Z/15/ZWellcome Trust 110058Wellcome Trust 204969/Z/16/ZWellcome Trust 205228Wellcome Trust 205228/Z/16/ZWellcome Trust 206377Wellcome Trust 206377/Z/17/ZWellcome Trust 215091
Abstract
The development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines and therapeutics will depend on understanding viral immunity. We studied T cell memory in 42 patients following recovery from COVID-19 (28 with mild disease and 14 with severe disease) and 16 unexposed donors, using interferon-γ-based assays with peptides spanning SARS-CoV-2 except ORF1. The breadth and magnitude of T cell responses were significantly higher in severe as compared with mild cases. Total and spike-specific T cell responses correlated with spike-specific antibody responses. We identified 41 peptides containing CD4
Indexed as
Antigens, ViralBetacoronavirusCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesCoronavirus InfectionsCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesEpitopes, T-LymphocyteHumansImmunodominant EpitopesImmunologic MemoryPandemicsPneumonia, ViralSARS-CoV-2Spike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusUnited KingdomAntigens, ViralCOVID-19 VaccinesEpitopes, T-LymphocyteImmunodominant EpitopesSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2Viral Vaccines
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
None linked
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.